Transcript miniHAWC - IceCube at Maryland

The History of Milagro
Jordan A. Goodman
University of Maryland
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
• Milagro was proposed in 1990
– Before EGRET and the Compton
Observatory
– Before BATSE
– Whipple – 10m
• Only one confirmed source and no spectrum
• Lot’s of spurious observations
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
State of the Field
• Measurements
of the Crab
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Milagro History
• 1990 Proposal Submitted to NSF for a $2.7M Detector
• 1994 Funding begins toward a $2.7M Project (80%NSF
20%DoE)
• 1995 Site Preparation - New liner & cover - PUB Counting House - PMT structure installed
• 1995 -1996 Milagrisimo run - 38 tubes on pond bottom
• 1996-1997 Milagrito installed - Data taking begins Feb
1997
• 1997 Lightning protection system
• 1998 Milagro tubes installed, modifications to
electronics, cover, water system completed (based on
Milagrito experience)
• Winter 1999 Begin data taking with Pond only (NSF
contribution $2.3M)
• Outrigger funding began in FY02 – finished FY04
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Why we need Outriggers (Slide Circa 10/98)
• What are outriggers?
– An array of water tanks outside the pond
– We have built & operated a prototype
– Outriggers were part of the original Milagro proposal
• Outriggers are essential for locating core position
– Need counters outside the pond to tell if cores are inside or
outside
• Energy Determination needs core position
– Need core to determine shower size and lateral distribution This is vital for AGNs and GRBs
• Angular Resolution
– Curvature correction needs core position
• Proton/Gamma Discrimination
– Proton showers trigger further from the pond
– Gammas trigger more often on the pond
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Original Milagro Design (from proposal)
outriggers
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Angular Resolution
From
Proposal
Pre-outrigger
Ang res = 0.70°
Post-outrigger
Ang res = 0.41°
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Milagro Sensitivity (from proposal)
Current Performance on the Crab (median E~12TeV)
~12/yr with /h separation and weighting
~4/yr without /h separation and weighting
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Original Cost Estimate
Starting in FY 91 (October 1990)
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Construction Funding Profile
Funds in Thousands
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
Outriggers
Initial Pond
Construction
NSF
$1,500
DoE
$1,000
$500
$0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
FY
Total Cost of Construction $2.8M (NSF) $0.6M DoE = $3.4M
Plus significant lab contributions (Pond, Trailers, Lightning Protection (UCDRD))
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Had Milagro Been Fully Funded in 1991
• Construction would have been finished in
1995 instead of 2003
• We would have had this data set in 1999
– We would have had full overlap with CGRO
• We would have been driving the field
– Way ahead of HESS, MAGIC and VERITAS
– At a cost of only $3M
• HAWC can do the same, if funded in a timely
fashion
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Problems with the Previous HAWC Review
• Three mail-in reviews
– All had misunderstandings about Milagro, the HAWC proposal and
even GLAST.
• Milagro saw no new sources…
• Large investment in Milagro did not pay off
• Milagro required additional funding to get outriggers in order to
reach design sensitivity
• HAWC has a larger pond and many more PMTs than Milagro
• GLAST will be able to directly measure the prompt emission
from the brightest bursts in the 30 MeV -300 GeV range… short
time-scale variability of AGN is a very important science
question - However, this is something that will be addressed by
GLAST (up to energies of ~ 300 GeV)
• Engineering runs will not start until the third quarter of 2011
• However, in order to achieve reasonable background rejection,
there will be some cost to angular resolution of the detector
(compared to Milagro).
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
– Two reviews showed significant bias
• I have never been a great fan of the use of high altitude water
Cerenkov air shower arrays… [Zenith angle dependence] is
fundamental problem with the technique. It is the reason
Milagro should never have been built.
– MGRO 1908+06 never gets higher than 30o
• Since IceCube is another one of those experiments that NSF
will spend lots of money on without significant science return,
there won't be much that the two can do together. zero x
epsilon = zero.
– IceCube is already the world’s largest neutrino detector & has
produced dozens of papers even while being finished. It also is
using Milagro data to look at potential  targets.
• IACTs will be covering a lot of the parameter space in
complement to GLAST. Given the limited resources of funding
agencies, I would think it makes more sense to support the
healthy ongoing projects at this time and add resources to them
to maximize the scientific output.
– Wide field is critical and IACTs are working hard to do it.
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
– Those PA panel members with a good
understanding of the technique likely recused
themselves and were not available to pass
judgment on the proposal.
– Milagro/HAWC are unique as no one else does
water-Cherenkov. Misunderstandings are natural.
– We had no opportunity to explain or rebut any of
these misunderstandings
• We need a dedicated committee to look at
HAWC
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Questions for Discussion
1. What will be the procedure for a panel review?
a) Timing of the review
b) What will be the scope?
2. How do we assure that we can be fairly
reviewed by both the panel and mail-in
reviews?
a) What about conflicts of interest?
b) What about European experts?
3. How do we deal with the uncertainty in the
Mexican proposal (DoE)?
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Questions for Discussion (continued)
4. What type of MOU will we need?
5. What should we do about an MRI proposal?
a) What are the rules about asking for the support in
both a regular proposal and an MRI?
b) Who should be involved in the MRI (one institution
or many)?
c) What will the timing be of the review wrt the MRI?
6. How many pages can our proposal be?
a) What may included as an appendix
b) Mou’s, Mexican studies, Engineering studies, etc
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
University Grant Program Report
(approved by HEPAP)
• The SAGs should regularize their role in reviewing projects
– Each SAG should actively monitor and prioritize the experiments
and R&D in its area. It should evaluate both physics goals and
technical design.
– The SAGs should report to P5, timing their reports so that they are
available to P5 when needed.
– The SAGs should review all experiments with expected
construction costs above $5M, along with smaller ones seeking
review. This includes both experiments that are affiliated with a U.S.
laboratory and those that are not. Additional SAGs should be
created as needed to cover all areas (taking care to avoid
proliferation).
– HEPAP should establish mechanisms for prioritizing experiments
whose cost is above $5M but below the P5 threshold. The
prioritization process should take advantage of input from the SAGs
and should reflect the breadth of the field.
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
UGPS (cont)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
HAWC US Collaborators
•
Los Alamos
–
•
University of Maryland
–
•
J. Mathews (Auger)
U.C. Santa Cruz
–
•
J. Ryan (Milagro, Solar Physics)
University of New Mexico
–
•
D. Kieda, M. Mustafa (VERITAS, Auger)
U. New Hampshire
–
•
T. DeYoung (Milagro, IceCube)
University of Utah
–
•
J. Linnemann (Milagro, D0)
Penn State University
–
•
G. Yodh (Milagro)
Michigan State University
–
•
Aous Abdo, D. Berley, R. Ellsworth, J. Goodman,
A. Smith, Vlasios Vasileiou (Milagro, IceCube)
U.C. Irvine
–
•
B. Dingus, P. Huentemeyer, G. Sinnis, G. Walker (Milagro, HIRES)
M. Schneider (Milagro)
NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center
–
J. McEnery (GLAST)
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Mexican Collaborators
Institution
Dependent on
Location
Areas
Instituto Nacional de
Astrof’sica, îptic a y
Electr—ni
ca (INAO E)
CONACYT
T onantzintla,
Puebla
Astrophysics,
optics, electronics,
computing science
Instituto de
Astronom’a
Facultad de Ciencias
F’sico Matem‡ticas
Instituto de F’sica
UNAM
Mexico DF
BUAP
Puebla
UNAM
MŽ
x ico DF
Instituto de Ciencias
Nucleares
Instituto de Geof’sica
Instituto de F’sica
UNAM
MŽ
x ico DF
UNAM
Universidad de
Guanajuato
IPN
MŽ
x ico DF
Le—n,
Guanajuato
MŽ
x ico DF
Universidad
Michoacana de
San Nicol‡s de
Hidalgo
Universit‡ di
T orino
UNAM
Morelia,
Michoac‡n
Astronomy and
astrophysics
High energy
particle physics
High energy
physics
Nuclear and
particle physics
Solar physics
High energy
physics, neutrinos
High energy
physics
High energy
physics and
instrumentation
UAM
Iztapalapa
DF
CINVEST AV
Instituto de F’sica
Dipartimento di Fisica
Generale
Centro de Geociencias
Milagro
Departamento de
F’sica
T orino, Italia
QuerŽ
t aro
High energy
cosmic rays
Geophysics
Hydrogeology
Relation to
HAWC
LMT project,
RT 5, site
development +
management
RT 5, OAN
Cosmic ray
array
Particle
detectors
Auger, theory
T NS, RT 5
Auger
Auger
Chacaltaya
Geology,
hydrology
Jordan Goodman
Hydrogeology
NSF July 2007
MX HAWC collaborators
Individual
Alberto Carrami–ana
Institution
INAOE
EduardoMendoza
INAOE
Janina N ava
INAOE
Lil’ V‡zquez
INAOE,
UAEM
INAOE
Guillermo Tenorio
Tagle
LuisCarrasco
INAOE
Research areas /
other projects
High energy
astrophysics /
LMT / head of
astrophysics
Solar physics /
RT5
Contribution to
HAWC
Group
organization,
science
Environment /
LMT
Geoscientist
Environmental
oversight
Hired for
proposal
Astrophysi
cal
interpretation
Astrophysi
cal
interpretation
Astrophysi
cal
interpretation
Dedicated 1 year
postdoc
Student
MILAGRO
member
Supporter
ISM expert
ISM expert and
extragalactic
ISM expert
Site studies,
solarresearch
Sergey Silich
INAOE
Eduardo de la Fuente
INAOE
Manuel Rodr’ guez
Magdalena Gonz‡lez
INAOE
IAUNAM
Dany P age
IAUNAM
W illiam Lee
IAUNAM
Gamma ray
bursts
Supporter
Deborah Dultzin
IAUNAM
AGN expert
Blazar research,
multiwavelength
work during
EGRET
Miriam C arrillo
Erika Ben’tez
IAUNAM
IAUNAM
General
astrophysics
Blazars
Gamma-ray
astronomy
Neutronstar
models
G RB s
AGNs,blazars
Vladimir çv ila
IAUNAM
Cosmology
Sergio Mendoza
IAUNAM
Relativistic jets
Marco Martos
IAUNAM
Milagro
ISM expert
Student
Blazar research,
multiwavelength
work during
EGRET
Dark matter
search
Blazars and
GRBs
Astrophysi
cal
interpretation
Hector Hern‡ndez
Toledo
IAUNAM
Research areas /
other projects
AGN
Octavio Valenzuela
IAUNAM
Cosmology
Dark matter search
Gustavo Medina
Tanco
ICN-UNAM
Highest energy
cosmic rays
Auger, CR
research
Lukas Nellen
ICN-UNAM
Auger
Juan Carlos DÕOlivo
ICN-UNAM
RubŽn Alfaro
IFUNAM
Arturo Menchaca
IFUNAM
Ernesto Belmont
IFUNAM
AndrŽ
s Sandoval
IFUNAM
High energy
astrophysics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics and
instrumentation
High energy
physicsand
instrumention /
IFUNAM
director
High energy
physicsand
instrumentation
High energy
physics and
instrumentation
Arnulfo Mart’ nez
IFUNAM
Varlen Grabski
IFUNAM
Humberto Salazar
BUAP
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
Cosmic ray array
Oscar Mart’nez
BUAP
Arturo Fern‡ndez
BUAP
CŽ
s ar ç lvarez
BUAP
LorenzoD’az
BUAP
Alfonso Rosado
BUAP
Cupatitzio Ramirez
BUAP
High energy
physicsand
instrumentation
High energy
physicsand
instrumentation
High energy
physics,
astrophsyics
High energy
physics,
astrophysics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics,
astrophysics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
Individual
Dedication
Main project, core
group, high
High involvement,
combined with RT5,
high
Consultant, helper,
medium
Out of group
Institution
Science discussion, low
Science discussion, low
Science discussion, low
Up to full time for one
year, high
Main project, high
Main project, core
group, high
Theoretical
interpretation (Comp act
objects), low
Theoretical
interpretation (GRB),
low to medium
Multiwavelength
observations, theoretical
discussion oversight
(blazars), low to
medium
Ph Thesis, high
Multiwavelength
observations, theoretical
discussion oversight
(blazars), low to
medium
Theoretical discussion,
low to medium
Theoretical
interpretation, low
Science discussion, low
Contribution to
HAWC
Multiwavelength
work
Auger
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
CR detectors
(Teotihuac‡n
experiment)
Dedication
Optical observations
(blazars and general),
outreach, medium
Theoretical
discussion, medium
Interpretation,
discussion, core
group, high
Theory, computing
resources, high
General discussion,
low
Instrumentation,
core group, high
Instrumentation,
medium
Instrumentation, low
Instrumentation,
Citlaltepetl
tomography,medium
to high
Instrumentation, ?
Instrumentation, ?
Instrumentation,
core group, high
Cosmic ray array
Instrumentation,
core group, high
ALICE
General discussion,
low
Main project, high
Cosmic ray array
Cosmic ray array
Cosmic ray array
General discussion,
low
Student?
HeadGoodman
of
Institutional support,
Jordan
department
low
NSF July 2007
MX HAWC collaborators II
Individual
JosŽValdŽ
s Galicia
Geof’sica
UNAM
AlejandroLara
Geof’sica
UNAM
Geof’sica
UNAM
Rogelio Caballero
Milagro
Institution
Research areas /
other projects
Solar physics,
cosmic rays, /
Solar neutron
telescope (TNS)
Solar physics /
RT5
Solar physics,
cosmic rays
( TNS?)
High energy
particle physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
High energy
physics
Astronomy
High energy
physics
High energy
cosmic rays
Geology,
hydrology
Arnulfo Zepeda
CINVESTAV
Gerardo Herr era
DavidDelepine
CINVESTA
V
IF-UGTO
Gerardo Moreno
IF-UGTO
Mauro Napsuciale
IF-UGTO
Luis Ure–a
IF-UGTO
Marco Reyes
IF-UGTO
Victor MigŽ
n es
Luis Villase–or
IF-UGTO
UMSNH
Oscar Saavedra
Torino
Alejandro Carr illo
Geociencias
UNAM
Gerardo Carrasco
Geociencias
UNAM
Geology
Carlos Vargas
UAM
Iztapalapa
Hydrogeology
Contribution to
HAWC
Geof’sica Director
Instrumen tation
Instrumen tation
Auger
Former department
director
Neutrinos
Dedication
General discussion,
solarresearch,
institutional
support,Medium
Solar research,
medium
Solar research,
mediumto high
General support,
mediumto high
Low?
Medium
?
Low
?
Low
?
Low
?
Medium
?
Auger
Low
Instrumentation,
high
Low
Chacaltaya
Geological and water
research at
Citlaltepetl
Geological research
at Citlaltepetl,
experience with dam
structures?
Hydrogeology
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007
Milagro
Jordan Goodman
NSF July 2007