Phytoremediation of Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and other Organic
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Transcript Phytoremediation of Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and other Organic
Phytoremediation of
“Contaminants of Emerging Concern”
Corbett Landes, Kim Fewless, and Meg Hollowed
November 11, 2010
BZ 572
Prevalence in the Environment
Found in 80% of U.S. streams
Largely either very hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds
Most frequently
detected:
steroids
non-prescription drugs
insect repellent
detergent metabolites
disinfectants
Highest
concentrations:
steroids
non-prescription drugs
detergent metabolites
plasticizers
disinfectants
antibiotics
Why do we care about pharmaceuticals,
hormones, and other organic wastewater
contaminants?
Low concentrations, but:
many compounds aren’t regulated
fate and transport of metabolites aren’t
well understood
potential for interactive effects
Where do they come from?
wastewater treatment plant effluent
agricultural operations/runoff
Organizations currently engaged in
research: EPA, WHO, USGS, etc.
Potential applications for phytoremediation
Municipal wastewater treatment
Feedlot or dairy farm waste stream treatment
Agricultural runoff abatement
Antibiotics
Agricultural Sources:
Growth promotion and disease prevention
Released to the environment through:
feedlot runoff streams
leaks
runoff from manure-applied agriculture
Consequences
antibiotic resistant microorganisms
Antibiotics Cont:
CSU study
Aquatic plants
Parrot feather (M.aquaticum) and water lettuce (P. stratiotes)
Hairy root cultures of sunflower (H.annuus)
Antibiotics: tetracycline and oxytetracycline
Mechanism: degradation by root-secreted enzymes
Antibiotics,
Cont:
Conversion of former shrimp aquaculture
facilities contaminated with antibiotics and
with elevated salinity
Antibiotics: oxytetracycline, norfloxacin
Tested soybean for uptake/degradation,
affect of salinity and antibiotics on soybean
plants
Translocation did not occur
Antibiotic accumulation only in root tissue
Kow=-0.9 and -1.8
Pharmaceuticals
Acetaminophen
Can be moved into plants
Causes irrevocable damage in most plants tested
Most success found in Lupinus albus
Ibuprofen
Phragmites australis
Hormones/Endocrine Disruptors
Removal of phenolic endocrine disruptors by Portulaca oleracea
Specifically bisphenol A
Could potentially be used as a cash crop
Steroids in Swine Wastewater
Anaerobic lagoon and constructed wetlands
Shown to decrease estrogen activity by 83-93%
Estrone was the most persistent compound
Also decreases nutrient content
Constructed Wetlands
Literature
Treatment
Compounds
Results
Dordio (2010)
Microcosm CW
Ibuprofen, carbamazepine,
clofibric acid
Seasonal variability, adsorption to clay,
plants
Song (2009)
Variation of wetland depth
Estrone, 17-estradiol,
17α-ethinylestradiol
Shallow depth, aerobic, high root density
Conkle (2010)
Constructed Wetland
Ciprofloxacin, ofloxin,
norfloxin (fluoroquin)
Sorption, drugs of same family compete
for sorption sites
Matmoros
(2007)
VFCW/HFCW/sand
filter/WWTP
Ibuprofen, carbamazepine,
caffeine (13)
Biodegradation and sorption –
effectiveness: VF>SF/WWTP>HF
Hijosa-Valsero
(2010a)
Pond, SF & SSF CW vs.
WWTP
Ibuprofen, carbamazepine,
caffeine (10)
aerobic, microbiological
Hijosa-Valsero
(2010b)
Mesocosm CW (3)
Ibuprofen, carbamazepine,
caffeine (10)
Correlated with temp and redox potential
microbiological
Typha
angustifolia
Phragmites
australis
Aquatic Plants
Literature
Treatment
Compounds
Results
Reinhold
(2010)
Duckweed
Atrazine, ibuprofen, 2,4D, triclosan (7)
Enhanced microbial degradation,
sorption, uptake
Shi (2010)
Duckweed v. Algae
Estrone, 17-estradiol,
17α-ethinylestradiol
Both algae and duckweed accelerated
degradation through sorption and
microbial degradation
Summary: constructed wetlands
Wetlands and other aquatic phytoremediation of
PPCPs works as well as traditional treatment
Application in developing countries
May be more cost effective
Variation in degradation requirements
Anaerobic/aerobic
Temperature
Photolysis
Sorption/degradation
Use patterns (Macleod, 2010)
CONCLUSIONS
Some success has been achieved with specific
plants/compounds
Must consider risks:
Invasive species
Metabolites
Ability to remediate a mixture of compounds
Research is still being conducted to
understand the fate and transport of
CECs/PPCPs
At this time, no single plant or constructed
wetland set-up can remove all PPCPs in
wastewater treatment plant effluent
References (1)
Bartha et al. (2010). Effects of acetominophen in Brassica juncea L. Czern: investigation of
uptake, translocation, detoxification, and the induced defense pathways. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res.,
17, 1553-1562.
Boonsaner, M. and Hawker, D.W. (2010). Accumulation of oxytetracycline and norfloxacin
from saline soil by soybeans. Sci of the Total Env, 408, 1731-1737.
Conkle JL et al. (2010) Competitive sorption and desorption behavior for three
fluoroquinolone antibiotics in a wastewater treatment wetland soil. Chemosphere 80, 13531359.
Dordio A et al. (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals in microcosm constructed wetlands using
Typha spp. and LECA. BioresourceTechnology 101, 886-892.
Hijosa-Valsero M et al. (2010a) Assessment of full-scale natural systems for the removal of
PPCPs from wastewater in small communites. Water Research 44, 1429-1439.
Hijosa-Valsero M et al. (2010b) Comprehensive assessment of the design configuration of
constructed wetlands for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from
urban wastewaters. Water Research 44, 3669-3678.
Gujarathi et al. (2005). Phytoremediation potential of M.aquaticum and P.stratiotes to modify
antibiotic growth promoters, tetracycline and oxytetracycline, in aqueous wastewater
systems. Int. Journal of Phytoremediation, 7, 99-112.
References (2)
Gujarthi et al. (2005). Hairy roots of H.annuus: a model system to study the
phytoremediation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline. Biotech. Prog. 21, 775780.
Imai et al. (2007). Removal of phenolic endocrine disruptors by Portulaca
oleracea. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengr., 103(5), 420-426.
Kolpin et al. (2002). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater
contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconaissance. Env. Sci. &
Tech., 36, 1202-1211.
Kotyza et al. (2010). Phytoremediation of pharmaceuticals- preliminary study.
Int. Journal of Phytoremediation, 12, 306-316.
MacLeod, SL et al. (2010) Loadings, trends, comparisons, and fate of achiral
and chiral pharmaceuticals in wastewaters from urban tertiary and rural aerated
lagoon treatments. Water research 44, 533-544.
Reinhold D et al. (2010) Assessment of plant-driven removal of emerging
organic pollutants by duckweed. Chemosphere 80, 687-692.
References (3)
Matamoros et al. (2007). Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
(PPCPs) from urban wastewater in a pilot vertical flow constructed wetland and a
sand filter. Env. Sci. & Tech., 41, 8171-8177.
Pedersen et al. (2005). Human pharmaceutical, hormones, and personal care
product ingredients in runoff from agricultural fields irrigated with treated
wastewater. J. Agr. Food. Chem., 53, 1625-1632.
Schroder et al. (2007). Using phytoremediation technologies to upgrade wastewater
treatment in Europe. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 14 (7), 490-497.
Shappell et. al. (2007). Estrogenic activity and steroid hormones in swine
wastewater through a lagoon constructed-wetland system. Env. Sci. and Tech., 41,
444-450.
Shi W. et al. (2010) Removal of estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 –estradiol in
algae and duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res
17, 824-833.
Song HL et al. (2009) Estrogen removal from treated municipal effluent in smallscale constructed wetland with different depth. Bioresource Technology 100, 29452951.
Topp et al. (2008). Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following
application of biosolids to an agricultural field. Sci. of the Total Env., 396, 52-59.