Transcript Titel

Micro- and Small-Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Johan Grope
Berliner Energieagentur GmbH
COGENERA, Ciudad de México, November 13th of 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Contents
 Berliner Energieagentur (BEA)
 Motivation for Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
 International Experience: Focus Germany
 Conclusion
2
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
BEA – Facts and Figures
Established
 in 1992 as Public Private Partnership
Shareholders
 Federal State of Berlin
 Vattenfall Europe
 GASAG
 KfW Banking Group
Capital stock
2.5 million €
Energy Services
 Consulting (National & International)
 Contracting
Based in
Französische Straße 23
10117 Berlin
Phone:
(030) 29 33 30 - 0
e-mail:
[email protected]
Internet: www.berliner-e-agentur.de
Annual total output
About 11.2 million €
Company earnings (EBIT)
834 k €
33
Know-how
55 members of staff
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
BEA – Facts and Figures
Energy Services
 Consulting:
Advice on all aspects of efficient energy use for customers from industry and commerce as
well as the housing, service and public sector
 International Know-how Transfer:
Transfer of successful models of efficient use of energy and of the deployment of renewable
energy to developing markets
 Contracting:
Planning, financing, construction, and operation of CHP and heat stations, of special supply
components such as emergency power, cooling energy and compressed air, solar energy as
well as lighting systems
Generation Data
 at about 90 sites in the region of Berlin
 54 CHP-units (incl. 5 micro-CHP), annual electricity generation approx. 12,000 MWh
 direct electricity supply for around 2,500 households in Berlin
 CO2 savings of more than 5,000 t/a
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© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Contents
 Berliner Energieagentur (BEA)
 Motivation for Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
 International Experience: Focus Germany
 Conclusion
5
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Same Challenges in Most Changing Energy Markets Worldwide
 (Fast) Growing energy demand and
slow increase of energy capacity
supply lead to capacity gaps
 Fluctuating energy supply due to
increasing share of renewable energy
sources lead to capacity gaps
6
 increasing risk of blackouts
 security of energy supply
is a mayor issue in many
countries
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Benefits from Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
Challenges for many developing and emerging countries:
 Security of energy supply
 High and rising energy prices
 Energy access in remote areas
 Energy efficiency and emission reduction
Additional flexible, decentralized power generation (e.g. cogeneration and
trigeneration) customized to the local demand helps solving the challenges
and leads to an increasing quality of energy supply for consumer
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© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Focus on Customized Energy Supply for Each Individual Consumer
Senertec
Honda
MicroGen
Fuel Cell
2G
CHP Block
CHP Block
D
Japan
UK
D. CH
D
Diesel
Otto
established
established
field tests
field tests
marketable
established
5.5 kWel
1 kWel
1 – 2 kWel
since 2000
25 – 48 kWel
1 kWel - 5 MWel 5 kWel - 20 MW kWel
15 kWel … 50 kWel
50 kWel … 2 MWel
Mini
Small
apartment buildings,
commercial sector,
hotels, nursing homes
industrial sector,
commercial sector, hotels,
nursing homes,
electric
capacity
field of
application
8
< 15 kWel
Micro
one/two-family-house,
commercial sector
established
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Focus on Customized Energy Supply for Each Individual Consumer
Trigeneration:
 cooling energy for air conditioning or
industrial purposes in buildings
 absorption chillers powered only by heat
 up to 30% less of primary energy
needed compared to compression
refrigerating production
 higher investment costs compared to
compression chiller units
source: cesenergy, 2010
economical use depends on concrete
business conditions
9
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
GIZ-Study on the Mexican Market and International Best Practice
 “Micro- and Small-Scale Cogeneration and Trigeneration:
International Best Practices and Recommendations for
Mexico”
 Joint study with Mexican consultants GARANI Asesores en
Sustentabilidad, S.C.
 Objectives BEA:
• Identify international best practices (e.g. policies and support
mechanisms)
• Elaborate recommendations for Mexico based on the analysis
of local conditions and international experiences (best practices).
 Project-period: November-December 2012
10
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Contents
 Berliner Energieagentur (BEA)
 Motivation for Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
 International Experience: Focus Germany
 Conclusion
11
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Countries with Significant CHP Capacity (Small and Large Scale)
Study will focus on:
• Significant capacity of smallscale CHP
• Similar conditions to Mexico
Source: IEA 2008
12
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Rise in Energy Prices – Germany
Energy sources
Electricity
Graphics: EnergieAgentur.NRW
Increasing interest in decentralized energy supply due to high energy prices
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© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
German Energy Policy Targets – Challenges for energy supply security
Energy Concept of the Federal Government (September 2010)
 CO2 emissions reduction until 2020 by 40 %, until 2050 by 80 to 95 %
(reference year: 1990)
 Reduction of primary energy consumption until 2020 by 20 %,
until 2050 by 50 % (reference year: 2008)
 RES‘ share of final energy consumption to 18 % until 2020, to 60 % until 2050
Energy Transition
 Power capacity gap: 8,5 GW of nuclear power capacity retired in 2011,
remaining 11,5 GW capacity will be retired by 2022 (original share: more than
20 % of generation capacity)
 rising risk of blackouts!
14
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Legal and Funding Framework – Selection
Incentive
Programme
Mini-CHP
Public Bank (KfW)
Support Programmes
CHP Act
Decentralized
Energy Supply
Renewable Energy
Heat Act
Renewable
Energy Sources Act
Heating Costs
Ordinance
15
Energy Tax Act
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Energy Production From Small-CHP is Increasing over the Last Years
TWh/a
Electricity produced from CHP-units with < 1 MWel
4
< 1 MWel
3,5
< 50 kWel
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
2002
16
Source: BEA, Prognos
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Dynamic Growth of Decentralized CHP (< 50 kWel) in Berlin
450
17,5
CHP-units (< 50 kWel)
400
Anzahl
CHP-units
350
15,0
300
12,5
250
10,0
200
7,5
150
5,0
100
2,5
50
0,0
0
Anzahl
installed
capacity
Installed capacity
elektrische
Leistung
CHP-units [-]
20,0
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
Capacity
Installed
elektrische
LeistungininMW
MW el
22,5
17
Source: BAFA 2011
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
BEA CHP-Units
 BEA in Berlin trailblazer in
decentralized CHP for over
15 years
 54 installed plants
 CO2-savings of over
5,000 t/a
 Direct electricity supply of
over 2,500 households
 Application in residential
buildings, commercial
sector, public sector
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© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
CHP – Best Practice
City Carré / Commerzbank, Commercial
Complex, Berlin
 Heated floor space approx. 36,000 m2
 Shopping mall, offices and hotel
 CHP unit in existing heating system
 Start of supply: 2006
Technical data:
 CHP unit with 50 kWel and 97 kWth
 Environmental effects:
 Amount of energy savings 548 MWh/a
 Reduction of CO2 emissions: 200 t/a
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© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Biogas CHP – Best Practice
Main Fire Station of
Berlin’s Fire Department




Thermal output: 2,200 MWh/a
Electric output: 1,440 MWh/a
Heat requirement: 4,000 MWh/a
Heating surface approx. 21,500 m²
Technical data:
 Biogas CHP: 240 kWel / 367 kWth
Project outcome:
 Environmental relief: 1,350 t CO2/a
 CO2 neutral heat and electricity
production
20
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Trigeneration – Best Practice
 Service and commercial complex,
40,000 m²
 Natural gas boiler running at low
temperature: 1,900 kW
 Absorption chiller unit: 350 kW
 Emergency current: 220 kVA
 Amount of enery savings 2,500 MWh p.a.
 CO2 savings: 700 t p.a.
21
Gas-absorption chiller (Carrier, LiBr, single-lift)
 2 natural gas operated CHP units:
each 120 kWel,214 kWth
Königstadt-Terrassen Schönhauser Allee,
Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg
Service complex “Königstadt-Terrassen”
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Demand for space heating and hot water generation
22
© Berliner
© Berliner
Energieagentur
Energieagentur
GmbH,
GmbH
2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Demand for space heating, hot water generation and absorption chiller
demand absorption
chiller
23
© Berliner
© Berliner
Energieagentur
Energieagentur
GmbH,
GmbH
2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Covering of the heating demand
Boiler
Block CHP
24
© Berliner
© Berliner
Energieagentur
Energieagentur
GmbH,
GmbH
2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Energy Services – General Project Scheme
Local
Gas Supplier
Energy Service
Company
(Contractor)
back-up
supply
re-feeding
Local
Electricity Utility
25
energy services
financing, planning,
construction & operation
of energy systems
 heating
 cooling
 electricity
 emergency power
Customer
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Contents
 Berliner Energieagentur (BEA)
 Motivation for Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
 International Experience: Focus Germany
 Conclusion
26
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Conclusions
 Micro- and small-scale cogeneration helps overcoming capacity gaps
and electricity grid fluctuations
 Systems are suitable for variety of applications
 Emergency power supply
 Supply of multiple energy types to complex buildings (hospitals, shopping
malls)
 Range of policy instruments supported market development
 Energy Performance Contracting can help overcoming existing barriers
 Lessons learnt (in Germany and other countries) can help establishing
a market of decentralized CHP in Mexico ( current study for GIZ)
27
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Thank You for Your Attention!
Further Information later on Location
or please contact:
www.berliner-e-agentur.de
[email protected]
28
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
 Backup
29
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
CHP Act (KWK-G) – Key Issues
 Policy target: 25 % of Energy supply from CHP-Units
until 2020 (today: 15 %)
 Priority for grid connection, purchase and transmission
of electricity from CHP
 Consistent fee paid per kWh by grid operators for the
total amount of the generated electricity
 Share of the costs by all end customers: 0,03 ct/kWhel in
2011
 Special promotion of district heating grids and storage
tanks
30
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Financing for Energy Services (Financing via ESCO)
Investment
Customer
Remuneration
of Services
Credit
ESCO
Debt Service
FI
ESCO provides :
 Financing
 Planning and installation of
energy saving measures
 Guarantee of savings
31
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Financing for Energy Services (Customer Finance)
Debt Service
Customer
Guarantee
of Savings
Credit / Loan
Guarantee
of Incomes
Investment
Money (1x)
Repayment
of Services
FI
ESCO
ESCO provides :
 Planning and installation of
energy saving measures
 Guarantee of savings
32
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Climate conditions in Germany differ
 moderate climate in Germany
 with 7 month heating period
33
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Getrennte Erzeugung vs. KWK
34
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
35
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Trigeneration – Basic Principle
 In summer trigeneration units can
produce cooling energy for air
conditioning or industrial purposes
“Thermal compressor” powered by
heat – absorption chillers provide
energy for cooling systems with far
less electricity
Heat
Cold
 Main advantage: best way to use waste
heat or CHP in summer
 Up to over 50% less of primary energy
needed compared to compression
refrigerating production
 But higher investment costs compared
to compression chiller units
economical use depends on concrete business conditions
36
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Benefits from Micro- and Small-Scale Co- and Trigeneration
space heating
cooling and hot
water generation
about 400 full load hours per year
about 2,800 full load hours
per year
about 5,500 full load hours per year
37
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Energy Supply – Germany
High dependence on energy imports (70 % in total)
66 % Hard Coal
80 % Natural Gas
96 % Petroleum
100 % Uranium
Promotion of
Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency
are two pillars of the German energy policy
Source: BMWi
38
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Stirling
Motor
Fuel
Cell
Block CHP
(Otto)
Block CHP
(Diesel)
Steam
Turbines
Gas
Turbines
Gas and
Steam CHP
Thermal Capacity
2.5 …
100 kW
2 kW …
150 MW
7 kW …
6 MW
10 kW …
25 MW
1.500 kW …
2,500 MW
50 kW …
700 MW
30 …
800 MW
Electric Power
1…
40 kW
1 kW …
100 MW
1 kW …
5 MW
5 kW …
20 MW
500 kW …
> 1,000 MW
25 kW …
350 MW
20 …
700 MW
Total Utilisation Ratio
up to 0.85
up to 0.9
up to 0.9
up to 0.9
up to 0.9
up to 0.85
up to 0.9
Electric Utilisation Ratio
0.1 … 0.3
0.3 … 0.47
0.25 … 0.42
0.28 … 0.44
0.15 … 0.25
0.25 … 0.3
0.3 .. 0.45
0.4
0.3 … 0.7
0.4 … 1.1
0.5 … 1.1
0.1 … 0.4
0.3 … 0.6
0.4 … 1.0
Part Load Performance
suboptimal
very good
good
good
good
suboptimal
suboptimal
State of the Technology
Small Series
Pilot Plants
established
established
established
established
established
Gas, Wood
Gas
Gas
Diesel (Gas)
Coal, Waste
Gas, Diesel
Gas (Coal)
CHP Coefficient
Usual Fuel
39
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012
Micro- and Small- Scale Cogeneration and
Trigeneration
Number of installed mini-CHP-Plants in Germany
Annual Increment of Mini-Cogeneration in Germany
Source: Bafa 2011
40
© Berliner Energieagentur GmbH, 2012