Transcript AP WORLD HISTORY

AP WORLD HISTORY
Period 1, 2, & 3
8000BCE – 1400CE
Period 1
8000 BCE – 600 CE
5% of Test
The Paleolithic Age
• Most of human pre-history Paleolithic (“old”
stone age)
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Small-scale groups – 30 w/ yearly 500
Gathering as important (or more) than hunting
Human impact on environment minimal
Human migrations and settlement influenced by
disease vectors
Warfare, but rarely
Women equal (or nearly so) sometimes deified
Religion animistic or totemistic
Egalitarianism
The Neolithic Transition
• Melting of ice sheets (Holocene epoch) opened
fields, reduced game
• Haphazard then deliberate cultivation led to
domestication of grains and legumes
• Stationary food supply meant permanent
settlements
• Early Neolithic villages populations ~500-1000
• Large settlements not possible through “dry
farming”
• A few larger towns like Jericho and Catal Huyuk
• Copper metallurgy, but most tools stone
Domestication
• Areas of world with most domesticable
plants and animals got jump-start
• Animals, starting with dogs, domesticated
to become docile, easily controlled, more
nutritious, and unintelligent
• Plants underwent “un-natural selection”;
non-useful plants extinct while useful given
advantage & took over ecosystems
The Urban Revolution
• Settlement around river valleys
• Much higher population density, which brought:
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Diseases (esp. through livestock)
Social stratification (even slavery)
Increased warfare w/nomadic peoples
Polytheistic religions, sometimes anthropomorphic
gods
Lower status of women
Lower nutrition, average height, and life expectancy
More complex forms of state
Direct manipulation of environment; intensive
agriculture
Specialization, leading to technological advances
Technologies
• Metallurgy: from copper to Bronze, which
created an elite warrior class in some
societies
• Hydro technologies: dikes, dams, irrigation
canals
• Astronomical observation and recording
• Writing – the beginning of history
• The wheel, levers and pulleys, the chariot
The concept of “Civilization”
• Civilization associated with settled
agriculture, esp. urban areas
• Associations are “good”, i.e. civilized vs.
“barbarian”
• Nomadic peoples don’t count
• Arguments against:
– Civilizations caused chronic problems
-- Nomads played crucial roles
Four major river valley civilizations
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Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates rivers
Egypt – Nile River
India – Indus river
China – Yellow River
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India were
influenced by each other; China was
relatively independent
Independent Invention v. Diffusion
• Technologies spread through trade,
warfare, migration, etc.
• Many are acquired “whole” from other
civilizations; sometimes modified
• Others are invented independently –
sometimes resulting in better technology
• Process of diffusion and syncretism
essential to Afro-Eurasian patterns
Mesopotamia vs. Egypt
EGYPT
-- Regular, predictable
flooding of Nile
-- Hot region, but not as
hot as Mesopotamia
-- Valley surrounded by
desert meant isolation
(initially), low danger
of attack
MESOPOTAMIA
-- Irregular,
unpredictable flooding
of Tigris and
Euphrates
-- Hot, dry region
-- Open plains location
meant frequent
invasion
Influence of Geography
• Geographic circumstances heavily
influenced early river valley civilizations
• “Geographic Determinism”
• Influence is reciprocal: Cultures are
influenced by nature but in turn influence
nature
Mesopotamia v. Egypt – Religion
• Egypt
– Gods as benevolent
and predictable
– Rituals stressing
regularity and cyclical
nature of life
– Afterlife orderly,
predictable, pleasant
• Mesopotamia
– Gods as violent,
unpredictable
– Ritual stressing
sacrifice to appease
gods
– Afterlife dark, dusty,
and unpleasant
Mesopotamia v. Egypt -- PFOS
• Egypt
– Local kingdoms unified
in 3100 BCE by
MENES
– Centralized
government
– Few cities; mostly
ritual centers
– Rulership shifted from
upper to lower Egypt
(Thebes & Memphis)
– Law word of Pharaoh
• Mesopotamia
– City-states unified by
Sargon of Akkad, but
unstable unity
– Imperial rule
– Cities focus of
civilization; large,
urban populations
– Rulership shifted from
city-state to city-state
through conquest
– First written law
The Indus Valley
• Script not translated so little info
• Had bronze metallurgy
• Uniform weights & measures indicate centralized
government
• Urban culture w/ infrastructure (e.g. waste
disposal, public baths, etc.)
• Cotton cultivation for textiles; legumes for food
• Traded with Mesopotamia & Egypt
• Yogic, pre-Aryan religion
• Collapse result of catastrophic environmental
events leading to SYSTEMS FAILURE
The Yellow River
• Developed independently of other rivervalley civs; no evidence of trade
• Focus of early civ was control of Yellow
River; earliest hero Duke of Zhou
• Cast Bronze metallurgy
• Cultivation of millet in north, rice in south
• Decentralized politically; divine kingship w/
sacrifice
• Writing system; oracle bones
Bronze-Age Empires
• Possession of bronze allowed military
innovators to conquer others
• Empire: area of centralized control over
diverse peoples
• Land Empires, e.g. Assyrian
• Maritime Empires, e.g. Phoenician
• Developed new ways of ruling, etc.
• Empires pass through stages
Bronze Age Empires
• Extensive trading networks allowed
empires to exist without river-valleys
• Marked social stratification; possession of
Bronze by elite
• Chariot warfare and other innovations;
siege engines
Fall of the Bronze Age
• Starting in 1200 BCE, most Bronze Age
civilizations fell
• Invasion by nomadic peoples (e.g.
Aryans from central Asia)
• Invasion by diverse groups (e.g. “Sea
Peoples”)
• Systems failure followed defeats and infighting (e.g. Trojan War)
Period 2
600 BCE – 600 CE
20% of Test
Rise of Classical Period
Civilizations
• Nomadic invaders assimilated into local
culture, creating syncretic cultures
• Influence of river-valley cultures continued,
e.g. Egyptian and Mycenaean on Greek,
became “Cultural Hearths”
Political Forms of State
• An Empire or Civilization can have any of
the following political forms of state:
– Monarch: Rule by one person (e.g. King)
– Theocracy: Rule by priests
– Oligarchy: Rule by a small group of elite
– Aristocracy: Rule by a traditional elite class
– Democracy: Rule by vote of citizens
Common themes of Classical
Civilizations
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New patterns of social inequality
Sophisticated Bureaucracy
Formalized cultural systems
Universal religions
A Lingua Franca
Internal and external trade
Infrastructure
Rigid gender roles
Iron metallurgy
Large populations
Case Studies - Greece
• Greek city-states not unified until threatened by
Persian Empire (dry-farmers)
• Some poliis (city-states) democratic
• Influenced by Mediterranean cultural hearth;
“Greek” is cultural not political
• Traded wine, olives, pottery in Mediterranean
• Women had lower status; worst in Athens
• Rationalism under Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Architecture: Parthenon
• Fall: Fighting between city-states made
vulnerable to Macedonians (Phillip II &
Alexander)
Case Studies: Rome
• Developed around Tiber river; Latins
enslaved by Etruscans
• Ca. 500 BCE broke free, established
Republic (democratic government)
• Conquered Italy, then the Eastern &
Western Mediterranean (conflict
w/Carthage = Punic Wars)
• Fought to expand empire into Gaul and
beyond
Case Study-Rome
• Traded with China along silk road, dominated
Mediterranean trade, traded with Coastal Africa
India through IO & Saharan networks
• Developed written law code (12 tablets),
concrete, the Roman Arch (improved), road
system
• Co-opted Greek culture; revered (& stole)
Egyptian
• C. 30 BCE – Civil conflict leads to EMPIRE
• Empire lasted until c. 400 CE – moved to
Byzantium
Case Study: Rome
• Fall result of several interrelated factors:
– Decline of small farmers and subsequent
unemployment
– Nomadic migration and invasions (German
and Central Asian peoples)
– Expense of maintaining extensive borders
– Decadence of wealthy; loss of “civitas”
– Disease and environmental problems
Case Study: Gupta & Maurya India
• Limited political centralization
• High taxes – 25 – 50%
• Religions of state: Buddhism under Ashoka,
Hinduism under later rulers
• Status of women higher than Rome or China,
but still not equal (e.g. Sati)
• Theater-state and use of rituals extensive
• Traded with Africa, Europe, Asia
• Important innovations: 0, fractions, inoculation
• Fall result of overspending on military
Case Study: China
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Kingdoms unified by Chin Shihuangdi
Great Wall, coinage, weights & measures
Development of Daoism and Confucianism
Legalistic policies led to fall after death
Han Empire (200 BCE – 200 CE)
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Lingua Franca Mandarin Chinese
Han ethnic group dominant over others
Constant threat from central asian nomads
Trade with Rome and India through Silk Route and IO
Trade Network
Case Study: China
• Confucian Exam System used for some
positions
• Synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and
Buddhism developed – “Han Synthesis”
• Fall of Han due to several factors:
– Invasion by nomadic peoples on horseback
– Corruption & cabalism in government
– Natural disasters, disease, drought
– Infrastructural failure (esp. Yellow River)
Case Study: Mayan Culture
• Had roots in older “hearth” of Olmec & Toltec
• De-centralized city states – “MAYAN” is a culture like
“GREEK”
• Social stratification – urban elite
• Trade limited & for light, high-value objects
• Reverence of Jaguar
• Primary crop: Corn but also beans
• Conquest of Aztec (c. 1200 CE) resulted in Imperial
Control
• Systems failure for some states – environmentally
unsound practices
• Astronomical science, zero
Fall of Classical Period Civs
• Commonalities:
– Nomadic invasions
– Loss of trade contacts
– Disease & natural disasters
– Loss of civic impulse & governmental
corruption
– Transition from centralized to decentralized
(sometimes “feudalistic”) PFOS
Period 3
600-1450
20% of Test
• Major transitions
– Development & expansion of Islam
– Expanding zones of trade/expanding
networks
– Spread of religions
– Mongol empire
– Chinese renaissance
– European middle ages & renaissance
– Plague pandemics
– Growth & role of cities
Development & expansion of Islam
• Impact on economy & trade
– As a business law
• Impact on culture
– Sharia & the five pillars
– gender
• Political structures
– The Caliphate – Sultanates
– Mali
• Arts, sciences, technologies
Expanding zones of
trade/expanding networks
• Growth & expansion of major trade routes
– Impact of Islam
– Impact of technology
• Camels
• Dhows
– Nature of trade
• Indian Ocean basin
• Trans-Saharan
• Silk Road
Spread of religions
• Christianity
– Schism: East vs. West
• Buddhism
– Trade routes
– Order of diffusion
– syncretism
• Islam
– By conquest
– By trade
Mongol empire
• Political Impacts
– China
– Russia
– Middle East
• Economic impacts
– Trade
– Tax farming
• Military impacts
– Diffusion of military technologies
• Social Impact
– Spread of plague
– China
Chinese renaissance
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Sui-Tang-Song
Commercial revolution
Maritime trade
Invention & innovation
Urbanization
Impact on East Asia
Zheng He
Compared to European Renaissance
European middle ages &
renaissance
• Political, Economic, and Social form of
Middle Ages
• Restructuring: Rise of cities, national
kingdoms, decline of church power
• Impact of Crusades on trade
• Rise of city-states
• Impact of plague & commerce on serfdom
• Reformation
Growth & role of cities
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Cities as centers of innovation
Rise of city-states
Urban vs. Rural
Influence of cities on politics
Roles of cities
– As trade centers
– As religious centers
– As political capitals
Rise of Islam
• Sassanid & Byzantine (Roman) Empires
w/ state religion
• Arabs as intermediaries
• Trade caravans & oasis cities
• Prior exposure to Judaism, Christianity,
Zoroastrianism (of Persia)
• Oral culture
• Clans & Tribes – constant warfare
Why were the Muslims successful?
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Motivation of Muslim
Brilliance of commanders
Combination: multiple causation
Dar-Al Islam
• Spread through conquest and trade
• Indian Ocean Network: provided common
culture and legal code, increasing trade; spread
into Fuxian province of China
• Silk Road: Influenced central Asians, did not get
into China (Battle of Talus River)
• Trans-Saharan network: Spread across e-w
axis, first Muslim influenced kingdom Ghana
(800 CE)
• Spread of Islamic architecture, law (Sharia), and
education (madrasas)
Women’s rights under Islam and
elsewhere
• Women under Islam had more rights than others
(e.g. Divorce, property ownership)
• Adopted head covering like European and
Persians
• Muhammad’s first wife older (causation?)
• Women participated in Muslim civil war
• Europe, East Asia – more repressive:
Christianity & Confucianism
• Americas – More roles and rights for women
Sunni vs. Shiite split
• Death of Caliph Uthman led to conflict
over succession
• Muslim community – Umma – wanted to
vote
• Shia wanted bloodline of Muhammad – Ali
• Civil war followed – schism
• Today: Iran is Shia, most of rest mixed or
Sunni
Highlights of Caliphate
• Abbasid caliphate height of expansion and
sophistication
• Baghdad population over 1 million, center of
artistic and intellectual activity
• Water sources brought to most areas
• Eventually hired Turkish soldiers (Mamluks) to
fight for them – later taken over
• Ended with execution of last Caliph by Mongols
(except in Egypt)
• Conflict with Western Europe over access to
holy sites, trade – The Crusades
Coda: The World by 1000CE
• Europe – decentralized, feudalistic, heavily
influenced by Christianity, economically
cut off; Iberia ruled by Moors (Muslims)
• East Asia – (China) centralized c. 600 CE
under Sui-Tang-Song; active trade, initial
influence of Buddhism followed by
persecution; influence of China on Korea,
Vietnam, and Japan great
Coda: The World at 1000 CE
• Central Asia: Decentralized and tribal, but
caravan cities & trade entrepots along Silk Road
• North Africa: Islam spreading, Ummayad
Caliphate in N. Africa & Iberia; Trans-Saharan
trade healthy; Muslim states (e.g. Mali)
• Sub-Saharan Africa: trading on Swahili coast
(east); Great Zimbabwe in-land; much
untouched by outsiders b/c geographic & microparasitic obstacles; Bantu Migration provided
cultural continuity
Coda: The World In 1000 CE
• The Americas
– Central America: Pre-Aztec Mayan Classical Age
– South American (Peru): Pre-Incan Moche culture
– North America: Hopewell & Anasazi cultures;
decentralized & tribal otherwise
South Asia (India)
--Delhi Sultanate in N. India, Rajputs in Himalayan
foothills
-- Decentralized otherwise, with trade zones on coasts
and Gujarat