Transcript BRICK VENEER BLOCK BACKUP REINFORCED

Cleaning
“New Masonry”
Workshop
1
Cleaning Committee
Diedrich Technologies
Fabrikem
PROSOCO
Weathershield, Inc.
St. Marys Cement
2
Introduction
This workshop is a part of a Continuing
Education Program for Masonry. The scope of
the program is for participants to continue
lifelong learning to enhance their success in
manufacturing a satisfactory masonry system.
Certification will be issued upon successful
completion of this workshop, “Cleaning ‘New
Masonry’ Workshop,” by demonstrating
competency through written examination. The
information presented in this workshop focuses
on the cleaning of new masonry walls.
3
Introduction
The information has been based on the
Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Structures (ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 40202). Acknowledgements to Diedrich
Technologies, Fabrikem, Prosoco for product
information and literature; the Brick Industry
Association, the Cast Stone Institute, the
Environmental Protection Agency, the Indiana
Limestone Institute, Michigan Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA),
the National Concrete Masonry Association, the
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, and the
Portland Cement Association.
4
Introduction
Decisions to utilize this information are not
within the purview of the Masonry Institute of
Michigan and are for applicator who are
competent to accept the responsibility for
applying the information. The Masonry
Institute of Michigan is unable to assume
responsibility for any errors and omissions
resulting from the use of this information.
5
Agenda
Masonry Units
Mortar
Grout
Building Code Requirements
MIM and Masonry Associations Cleaning
Recommendations
Red Clay Brick
Light Colored Clay Brick
Architectural Concrete Block (smooth, split, ribbed)
Architectural Concrete Block (burnished)
Concrete Brick
Natural Stone (limestone)
Cast Stone
Calcium Silicate
References
6
Before masonry looks like this…
7
It looks like this.
8
Masonry Units
9
Clay Masonry Units
(Brick)
10
High Pressure
(Improper Cleaning)
New
photo
11
Vanadium Stain
(green or yellow stains)
(Improper Cleaning)
These stains are usually from
vanadium salts. They may be found
on red, buff or white clay products;
however, they are most
objectionable and more readily
apparent on the lighter-colored
units.
The chloride salts of vanadium
require highly acidic leaching
solutions, and are usually the result
of washing brickwork with acid
cleaning solutions.
12
Manganese Stain
(Improper Cleaning)
Under certain conditions, tan or
brown, and sometimes gray staining
may occur on the mortar joints of
brickwork. Occasionally, the brown
stain will streak down onto the faces
of the brick. This type of stain is the
result of the use of manganese
dioxide as a coloring agent in the
units.
13
Building Bloom
(Stain)
A source of moisture which may
cause "new building bloom" and
contribute to future occurrences
of efflorescence in a building is
the water which enters the
assembly during construction.
The improper protection of a
building during construction
may significantly contribute to
future problems, including
efflorescence.
14
Efflorescence
(Stain)
Efflorescence is a crystalline
deposit of water-soluble salts on
the surface of brick masonry.
Although efflorescence is unsightly
and a nuisance to remove, it is
usually not harmful to the brick
masonry.
By definition efflorescence is water
soluble and can be cleaned.
Efflorescence is usually white in
color; however, all white stains on
brick masonry are not necessarily
efflorescence.
15
Lime Run
(Calcium Carbonate)
(Stain)
Carbonate deposits, if they occur,
usually appear as a gray-white,
crusty spot in the form of a vertical
"run-down" shape on the face of the
wall. …."lime run" is not directly a
result of lime in the mortar.
Carbonate deposits nearly always
occur at a small hole or opening in
the face of the masonry.
These carbonate stains can be
removed using a weak solution of
hydrochloric acid, applied directly to
the deposit. Care must be taken to
properly wet the wall area first and
rinse it thoroughly after cleaning.
This is especially true when
removing carbonate deposits from
light-colored brick
16
Lime Run
(Calcium Carbonate)
(Stain)
17
Burned Mortar Joint
(Improper Cleaning)
18
Frozen Mortar
(Improper Protection)
19
Improper Cleaning
20
Concrete Masonry Units
21
Color Washout
(Improper Cleaning)
22
Masonry Acid Burn (Muriatic Acid)
(Improper Cleaning)
Aggressive:
creates uneven
appearance
erodes mortar,
reduces weather
resistance
23
Building Bloom
(Stain)
24
Lime Run
(Calcium Carbonate)
(Stain)
25
Improper Cleaning
Sure
Clean
600
26
Overlapping
(Improper Cleaning)
27
Washout
(Improper Cleaning)
28
Not Saturating the Surface
(Improper Cleaning)
29
Natural Stone
30
Calcium Silicate
31
Cast Stone
32
Banding
33
Mortar
34
Mortar
A mixture consisting
of cementitious
materials, fine
aggregate, water, and
with or without
admixtures, that is
used to construct unit
masonry assemblies
35
Purpose
Hold units together
Accommodate unit
tolerances
36
Purpose
Provide water
penetration resistance
Hold units apart
37
Properties
Plastic (Mason)
Workability
Flow
Water Retentivity
Stiffening
Characteristics
Board Life
Hardened (Designer)
Bond
Extensibility/Plastic
Flow
Compressive Strength
Durability
38
Workability
Most important
plastic property
Adheres to vertical
surfaces
Supports weight
of units
Spreads easily
39
Bond
Complete and intimate contact between mortar and
unit is essential for good bond
40
Compressive Strength
Relatively easy to measure – used as
principal criterion
41
Types
A1 A2 B
M A S ON
W
C D
O RK
42
Mortar Materials
cement
aggregate
water
lime
admixtures
43
Cement
Portland cement
masonry cement
Portland cement
air entraining additives
water repellency agents
mortar cement
similar to masonry
cement
requires lower air
content
flexural bond strength
requirement
44
Aggregate
natural or manufactured
acts as an inert filler
provides
economy
workability
reduced shrinkage
influences compressive
strength
should be well graded
harsh mortar
weak mortar
45
Water
contributes to
workability
hydration of cement
carbonation of lime
suction of units
potable
use the maximum amount
of water needed for
workability
retempering
46
Lime
contributes to
workability
water retentivity
elasticity
autogenous healing
47
Admixtures
A wide variety of
admixtures for masonry
mortars is available to the
masonry industry. In
general, they are
classified as:
air entrainment
water retentivity
water repellency
workability
accelerated set
color
no chlorides
Only used when specified
48
Mortar
Wall System
Suggested Type
Veneer
N
Reinforced Masonry
N or S
Unreinforced Masonry
S
(Above Grade Walls)
49
Masonry veneer
non-structural
Reinforced masonry
design based on the cracked section
(steel reinforcement resists tension only)
Unreinforced masonry
design based on the uncracked section
(masonry resists tension only)
Specify the weakest mortar that
meets structural requirements.
50
Trowel Tips: an aid to the masonry industry
Cleaning Masonry
Materials
Mortar is usually the primary substance being
cleaned from the face of masonry units in new
construction. High strength mortars (Type S and
Type M mortars) are generally more difficult to
remove than lower strength mortars.
Unfortunately most methods that will remove
mortar from the face of masonry units will also
remove mortar from the surface of the mortar
joints.
51
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute
Concrete Masonry Cleaning Guide
Mortar Strength
Choose the weakest mortar that will do the
job. It may seem that strong mortar creates
a better wall, but weaker mortar is far better
in most cases. Strong mortar is harder for
masons to work with, has more shrinkage,
tends to crack more easily, and is more
expensive. It also contributes very little to
wall strength.
52
Tooling
Tooling mortar joints at the right time (thumb
print hard) is critical, especially with an
integral water repellent admixture in the CMU
and mortar.
Tooling too early, while the mortar is still wet,
can create smears that are more difficult to
clean.
With the use of power scaffolding, need to
move up the wall at a rate not to exceed
proper tooling time of the mortar.
53
Tooling too early
54
Grout
55
Grout
a mixture of
cementitious materials,
aggregates, water, with
or without admixtures,
initially produced to
pouring consistency
without segregation.
56
Purpose
Thinner walls
57
Purpose
Taller and stronger walls
58
Purpose
Sound resistance
59
Purpose
Increased fire resistance
60
Purpose
Improved thermal performance
61
Properties
Plastic (Mason)
Hardened (Designer)
Flow
Slump
Bond
Compressive Strength
62
Grout Materials
cement
aggregate
water
admixtures
63
Cement
Portland Cement
Blended Cements
Quicklime
Hydrated Lime
Coal Fly Ash
Raw Calcined Natural Pozzolan
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
64
Aggregates
sand
pea gravel
65
Water
potable
66
Admixtures
Integral waterproofing compounds,
accelerators, or other admixtures not
mentioned definitely in the specification
shall not be used in grout for use in
reinforced masonry without approval from
the purchaser.
67
Grout…the Third Ingredient
Grout is a material used in reinforced masonry that
is quite misunderstood.
Grout is not mortar and grout is not concrete.
The big difference between concrete, mortar and
grout is their plasticity or fluidity in the initial
stage.
68
Building Code Requirements
69
MSJC
2002
Specification for Masonry Structures
Part 3
EXECUTION
3.8 Cleaning
Clean exposed masonry surfaces of all
stains, efflorescence, mortar or grout
droppings, and debris.
70
MSJC
2002
Specification for Masonry Structures
Part 2
PRODUCTS
2.5 D. Masonry Cleaner
1. Use potable water and detergents to clean
masonry unless otherwise acceptable
2. Unless otherwise required, do not use acid
or caustic solutions.
71
MSJC
2002
Commentary on Specification for Masonry Structures
Part 2
PRODUCTS
2.5 D. Masonry Cleaner – Adverse reactions can
occur with certain cleaning agents and masonry units.
Hydrochloric acid has been observed to cause
corrosion of metal ties. Care should be exercised in its
use to minimize this potential problem. Manganese
staining, efflorescence, “burning” of the units, white
scum removal of the cement paste from the surface of
the joints, and damage to metals can occur through
improper cleaning. The manufacturers of the masonry
units should be consulted for recommendation of
cleaning agents.
72
MIM and Masonry Associations
Cleaning Recommendations
73
Cleaning “New Masonry” Specification
At the pre-construction meeting review the
approved submitted product data, applicator
qualifications, protection procedures,
environmental compliance procedures,
surface preparation procedures and
application procedures. The project sample
panel shall be cleaned in accordance with
the approved submittals.
74
Cleaning “New Masonry” Specification
PART 3 - EXECUTION
Before cleaning new masonry exposed joints
must be protected. Apply the masonry
cleaners to substrates in accordance with
the manufacturer’s written instructions and
approved submittals.
75
Good Practice
1. Keep masonry faces clean during
construction whenever possible.
2. Remove all mortar tags and stains before
they cure
3. Light brushing with a soft brush upon initial
mortar set (this will not work with split face)
Exception: A stiffer brush may be required on
split face concrete masonry units to
minimize smears
4. Minimize condensation in shrinkage
wrapped delivered masonry units
76
Good Practice
5. Minimize mortar run-down with wet
masonry units
6. Minimize water entry into constructed walls
7. Remove mortar build up from scaffold
8. Protect all wall projections from mortar
splashes
9. Turn over planks to avoid mortar splashes
when not working
10. Protect base of wall from all mortar and
mud splashes
77
Good Practice
11. Remove grout spills immediately
78
Cleaning Methods
Different cleaning methods will produce
different results. If every minor
discoloration and imperfection is to be
removed consider an aggressive cleaning
method. An aggressive cleaning method
could change the color and visual
appearance of the wall.
79
Cleaning Methods
Bucket and Brush
Bucket and brush is
gentle, conservative,
timing is more critical,
more difficult to
achieve uniformity and
more expensive.
80
Cleaning Methods
Pressure Water Cleaning
Pressure water
cleaning is good for
cleaning dust and dirt,
time consuming and
expensive.
81
Cleaning Methods
Pressure Chemical Cleaning
Pressure chemical
cleaning is fairly
aggressive, fast and
cost effective. The
technique requires an
experienced and
skilled cleaner.
82
Cleaning Methods
Apply chemicals
before pressure
cleaning procedures.
Apply Chemicals
1. Bucket & brush
2. Sprayer less than
50psi
83
Cleaning Methods
Apply chemicals
before pressure
cleaning procedures.
Apply Chemicals
1. Bucket & brush
2. Sprayer less than
50psi
84
Specifier Notes for Cleaning New Masonry
MASONRY MATERIALS
Smooth texture clay brick – Easier to remove mortar stains
and smears
Rough texture clay brick – Mortar and dirt tend to
penetrate deep into texture
Integrally colored split concrete block – Most forgiving
during cleaning
Burnished concrete block – Should be kept as clean as
possible
Smooth face concrete block – Most difficult to clean,
consider using multi-color units
Natural and cast stone – Should be kept as clean as
possible.
85
Material Properties
Limestone Sandstone
Granite
Cast
Stone
Calcium
Complex
Brick
CMU
Portland
Cement
Fundamental
Matrix
CaCO3
SiO2+
SiO2+
Trace
Components
Various
Various
Various
Metallic
Oxides
Clay
Mixtures
Metallic
Salts
Acids
Varies
Varies
Acids
Varies
Acids
Varies
Varies
High
High
High
High
Varies
Varies
High
Possibly
Varies
No
No
No
No
Varies
Granular
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Porous
Crystalline
Porous
Varies
Porous
High
High
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Chemical
Reactivity
Strength
Characteristics
Abrasion
Resistance
Temperature
Sensitivity
Surface
Appearance
Pore Structure
& Distribution
Absorption
Characteristics
Moderate Moderate
Metallic
Oxides
High
86
C216-03a
Standard Specification for
Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or
Shale)1
TABLE 1 – Physical Requirements
Designation
Minimum
Compressive
Strength psi,
gross area
Maximum Water
Absorption by 5-h
Boiling, %
Maximum
Saturation
CoefficientA
Average
Average
Average
Individual
Individual
Individual
of 5 Brick
of 5 Brick
of 5 Brick
Grade SW
3000
2500
17.0
20.0
0.78
0.80
Grade MW
2500
2200
22.0
25.0
0.88
0.90
The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to
that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.
A
87
BIA News (June 1993)
Brick Strengths
Compressive
Strength, psi
5 Hour
Boiling Water
Absorption,
%
24 Hour Cold
Water
Absorption,
%
Saturation
Coefficient
Initial Rate of
Absorption,
gm/min/30in2
Molded
5293
12.2
7.4
0.60
36.6
Extruded
11302
7.2
5.4
0.76
16.1
88
Clay Masonry Materials
Smooth texture clay brick –
Easier to remove mortar
stains and smears



less surface area exposed
easier to presoak and rinse
Unbroken die skin surface,
thus more likely to display
poor rinsing, acid staining,
poor removal of mortar
smears
89
Clay Masonry Materials
Rough texture clay brick –
Mortar and dirt tend to
penetrate deep into texture


Additional area for water
and acid absorption
Essential to use pressurized
water during rinsing
90
Red Clay Brick
Diedrich – 202 New Masonry Detergent
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type R
PROSOCO – Sure Klean 600 Detergent
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
91
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
92
BIA 20 (Revised II Reissued March 2000)
Cleaning Brick Masonry
Cleaning failures generally fall into one of three
categories:
1. Failure to thoroughly saturate the brick masonry
surface with water before and after application of
chemical or detergent cleaning solutions. Dry
masonry permits absorption of the cleaning
solution and may result in “mortar smear,” “white
scum,” or the development of efflorescence or
“green stain.” Saturation of the surface prior to
cleaning reduces the absorption rate, permitting
the cleaning solution to stay on the surface rather
than be absorbed.
93
Trowel Tips: an aid to the masonry industry
Cleaning Masonry
Careful consideration must be given to unit
characteristics when selecting a cleaning
procedure for masonry constructed with clay
masonry. Once again, the specific manufacturer of
the unit used in the masonry construction should
be consulted for cleaning recommendations.
Generally, a range of cleaning options is
appropriate for various types of units.
94
Light Colored Brick
Diedrich – 202V Vana-Stop
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type V
PROSOCO – Sure Klean Vana Trol
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
95
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
96
BIA 20 (Revised II Reissued March 2000)
Cleaning Brick Masonry
Cleaning failures generally fall into one of three
categories:
2. Failure to properly use chemical cleaning
solutions. Improperly mixed or overly
concentrated acid solution can etch or wash out
cementitious materials from the mortar joints.
They have a tendency to discolor masonry units,
particularly lighter shades, producing an
appearance frequently termed “acid burn” and
can also promote the development of “green” and
“brown” stains.
97
Proper application procedures
98
Proper application procedures
Prewet
with
clean
water
Let
cleaner
dwell
Apply
cleaner
Rinse
with
clean
water
99
Material Properties
Limestone Sandstone
Granite
Cast
Stone
Calcium
Complex
Brick
CMU
Clay
Mixtures
Fundamental
Matrix
CaCO3
SiO2+
SiO2+
Trace
Components
Various
Various
Various
Metallic
Oxides
Metallic
Salts
Portland
Cement
Metallic
Oxides
Acids
Varies
Varies
Acids
Varies
Acids
Varies
Varies
High
High
High
High
Varies
Varies
High
Possibly
Varies
No
No
No
No
Varies
Granular
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Porous
Crystalline
Porous
Varies
Porous
High
High
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Chemical
Reactivity
Strength
Characteristics
Abrasion
Resistance
Temperature
Sensitivity
Surface
Appearance
Pore Structure
& Distribution
Absorption
Characteristics
Moderate Moderate
High
100
Block Strength
TABLE 2 Strength and Absorption Requirements
Compressive Strength,
A min, psi
Water Absorption, max, lb/ft3 (Average of 3 Units)
Average Net Area
Weight Classification – Oven-Dry Weight of Concrete,
lb/ft3
Average of
3 Units
Individual
Unit
Lightweight, less
than 105
Medium Weight,
105 to less than
125
Normal Weight,
125 or more
1900
1700
18
15
13
AHigher
compressive strength may be specified where required by design. Consult with
local suppliers to determine availability of units of higher compressive strength.
101
Block Properties
Block
Compressive
Strength, psi
Water
Absorption, pcf
1600-4200
5-10.5
102
Concrete Masonry Materials
Integrally colored split
concrete block – Most
forgiving during
cleaning
Burnished concrete
block – Should be kept
as clean as possible
Smooth face concrete
block – Most difficult
to clean
103
Architectural Concrete Block
(smooth, split, ribbed)
Diedrich – 202 Vana-Stop
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO – Custom Masonry Cleaner
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
104
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
105
NCMA 3-8A (2001)
Concrete Masonry Construction
Cleaning is most effective when performed during the
wall construction. Procedures such as skillfully cutting
off excess mortar and brushing the wall clean before
scaffolding is raised, help reduce the amount of
cleaning required.
When mortar does fall on the block surface, it can
often be removed more effectively by letting it dry and
then knocking it off the surface. If there is some
staining on the face of the block, it can be rubbed off
with a piece of broken block, or brushed off with a stiff
brush.
106
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute
Concrete Masonry Cleaning Guide
Integrally colored CMUs have a range of color
based on the color of paste and aggregate in the
unit. Any cleaning will expose and even enhance
that color, depending on the cleaning’s
aggressiveness. Cleaning removes at least some
paste on the surface of the CMUs, exposing the
aggregate and more paste. Gentle cleaning
removes little paste; aggressive cleaning removes
more.
107
Architectural Concrete Block
(burnished)
Diedrich - 222 Cultured Stone Cleaner
Fabrikem - Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO - Burnished Custom Masonry Cleaner
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
108
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
109
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute
Concrete Masonry Cleaning Guide
Ground-face units should be kept as clean
as possible as they are laid, but they can be
buffed with an abrasive belt if stains remain
after final cleaning.
110
Concrete Brick
Diedrich – 202 Vana-Stop
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO – Custom Masonry Cleaner
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
111
Proper application procedures
Prewet
with
clean
water
Let
cleaner
dwell
Apply
cleaner
Rinse
with
clean
water
112
Material Properties
Limestone Sandstone
Granite
Cast
Brick
Stone
Calcium
Clay
Complex Mixtures
Metallic Metallic
Oxides
Salts
CMU
Fundamental
Matrix
CaCO3
SiO2+
SiO2+
Trace
Components
Various
Various
Various
Acids
Varies
Varies
Acids
Varies
Acids
Varies
Varies
High
High
High
High
Varies
Varies
High
Possibly
Varies
No
No
No
No
Varies
Granular
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Porous
Crystalline
Porous
Varies
Porous
High
High
Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Chemical
Reactivity
Strength
Characteristics
Abrasion
Resistance
Temperature
Sensitivity
Surface
Appearance
Pore Structure
& Distribution
Absorption
Characteristics
Moderate Moderate
Portland
Cement
Metallic
Oxides
High
113
ILI
Indiana Limestone Handbook, 21st Edition
Being a natural product, Indiana Limestone’s physical
properties such as strength values will vary. The physical
properties depend upon texture, cementing material, and
degree of moisture.
Table 1
In most cases, the design of Indiana Limestone for building requires the consideration of these
three properties only.
Property
Value
Test Procedure
Ultimate compressive strength dry
4,000 psi minimum
ASTM C170
specimens
(see note a)
Modulus of rupture dry specimens
700 psi minimum
ASTM C99
(see note a)
Absorption
7.5% maximum
ASTM C97
(see note b)
Compression and modulus of rupture results are for specimens loaded perpendicular to grain direction.
Note a: Most Indiana Limestone production possesses values higher than these minimums, which are listed
for engineering reference.
Note b: Indiana Limestone is available with lower values. Consult ILI for particulars.
114
ILI
Indiana Limestone Handbook, 21st Edition
Alkali Stain
The most common problem is alkali stain. It takes the
form of a light golden to dark brown discoloration.
115
ILI
Indiana Limestone Handbook, 21st Edition
The source of the alkali is usually nearby concrete walls,
floors, or grade. The moisture may be rainwater, wash
from concrete pours, excess moisture from or at grade.
This moisture picks up water-soluble free alkali from
various sources as it migrates to an evaporation surface at
the stone’s above-grade face. Alkali-laden moisture moving
through the stone dissolves minute bits of organic matter.
The material is transported to the face of the stone as the
moisture moves toward the face. The moisture then goes
off as vapor, leaving the alkali and organic matter at the
surface in the form of stain.
116
Stone Masonry Materials
Natural and cast stone –
Should be kept as clean as
possible.
117
Natural Stone
(limestone)
Diedrich – 222 Cultured Stone Cleaner
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO – Mortar and Grout Remover
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
118
ILI
Indiana Limestone Handbook, 21st Edition
23. cleaning
The stone shall be washed with fiber brushes, mild
soap powder or detergent and clean water or
approved mechanical cleaning process.
Special consideration and protection shall be provided
when brickwork is cleaned above the limestone.
Strong acid compounds used for cleaning brick will
burn and discolor the limestone.
Use of sand blasting, wire brushes or acids will only be
permitted under special circumstances, approved by
architect.
119
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
120
ILI
Indiana Limestone Handbook, 21st Edition
3.6.4 Clean stonework using clean water and stiff
bristle fiber brushes. Do not use wire brushes, acid
type cleaning agents, or other materials or methods
which could damage stone. Mechanical or pressure
cleaning methods may be used if approved by
architect. Protect limestone when adjacent brick is
being acid-washed.
121
Cast Stone
Diedrich – 222 Cultured Stone Cleaner
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO – Burnished Custom Masonry
Cleaner
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
122
C1364-03
Standard Specification for
Architectural Cast Stone1
5.1 Compressive Strength—At 28 days after
manufacture, not less than 6500 psi (45
MPa), when tested in accordance with
Test Method C 1194.
123
Cast Stone Institute
Technical Bulletin #39
Care & Maintenance
Regardless of the degree of care exercised during
construction, a final washdown will be needed and,
normally, whatever is specified to clean the brickwork will
adequately clean the Cast Stone. A variety of commercial
cleaners are available and most contain detergents
combined with mild solutions of phosphoric and/or muriatic
acids. Extreme care should be taken when applying acidic
cleaners to areas where joints are left open or where
sealant is used as jointing material. The sealant
manufacturer should be contacted to ascertain
compatibility with cleaning materials. Acids left behind the
stone on masonry wythe may cause corrosion problems
later on.
124
Cleaning
Proper
Improper
125
Cast Stone Institute
Technical Bulletin #39
Care & Maintenance
Power washing and sandblasting are not
recommended procedures for cleaning Cast
Stone. Metal fiber brushes are not to be
used for scrubbing Cast Stone.
126
Calcium silicate
Diedrich – 222 Cultured Stone Cleaner
Fabrikem – Masonry Cleaner Type L
PROSOCO – Burnished Custom Masonry
Cleaner
In all cases refer to
manufacturer’s product
data for recommendation
in determining the
appropriate masonry
cleaners and
concentration rates.
127
C73-99a
Standard Specification for
Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)1
TABLE 1 Physical Requirements
Designation
Grade SW
Grade MW
Compressive Strength min,
psi, (brick tested flatwise)
average gross area
Average of 3
Brick
5500
3500
Individual
Brick
4500
3000
Water
Absorption,
max, lb/ft3
15
18
128
Banding
Cleaning Suggestions
Soaking the band
Sacrificial coating
Protecting with
membrane
129
Banding
Cleaning Suggestions
Protecting with membrane
130
Proper application procedures
Prewet
with
clean
water
Let
cleaner
dwell
Apply
cleaner
Rinse
with
clean
water
131
Time to Clean
Type N mortar
Type S mortar
5-28 days
3-10 days
Do not clean masonry when temperatures are
below 40°F or above 90°F
132
Equipment
Pressures:
Low: 100-300 psi
Medium: 300-700 psi
High: 700 psi or greater
4 - 6 gallons per minute
15° - 40° fan tip
133
Test
Test to confirm results and establish an
acceptable standard.
134
135
MIOSHA Right to Know
Hazard Communication Compliance Checklist and
Sample Written Hazard Communication Program
VI. MULTI-EMPLOYER WORKPLACES
A. Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous chemicals at a
workplace in such a way that the employees of other employer(s) may
be exposed (for example, employees of a construction contractor
working on-site) shall additionally ensure that the hazard
communication programs developed and implemented under this
paragraph (e) include the following:
• The methods the employer will use to provide the other employer(s) onsite access to material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical the
other employer(s)’ employees may be exposed to while working;
• The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of any
precautionary measures that need to be taken to protect employees during
the workplace’s normal operating conditions and in foreseeable
emergencies; and,
• The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of the
labeling system used in the workplace.
136
MIOSHA Right to Know
Hazard Communication Compliance Checklist and
Sample Written Hazard Communication Program
B. It is the responsibility of the (name or position) to obtain chemical
information from contractors when they will expose our employees to
hazardous chemicals which they may bring into our workplace.
137
MIOSHA Right to Know
Hazard Communication Standard Compliance Checklist
The MIOSHA Right To Know Amendments
convey Rights and Responsibilities in six
major areas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hazard Determinations
Labels
Material Safety Data Sheets
Written Program
Employee Information and Training
Trade Secrets
138
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
R 408.41101. Scope
Rule 1101. This part establishes
minimum requirements for the construction,
care, and training in the use of portable and
fixed ladders for construction, alteration, or
repair operations.
139
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(6) “Extension ladder” means a non-selfsupporting portable ladder that is adjustable
in length. An extension ladder consists of 2
or more sections traveling in guides or
brackets arranged to permit adjustment of
the ladder’s length. An extension ladder’s
size is designed by the sum of the lengths of
the sections measured along the side rails.
140
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
R 408.41112.
Training requirements
Rule 1112.
(1) The employer shall provide
a training program for each employee who uses a
ladder. The program shall enable each employee
to recognize hazards related to the ladder and
shall train each employee in the procedures to be
followed to minimize these hazards.
141
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(2) An employer shall ensure that each
employee has been trained by a competent person
in all of the following areas, as applicable:
(a) The nature of fall hazards in the work area.
(b) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining,
and disassembling the fall protection systems to be
used.
(c) The proper construction, use, and placement of,
and care in handling, ladders.
(d) The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of
ladders that are used.
(e) The rules contained in this part.
142
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(3) Retraining shall be provided for each
employee as necessary so that the employee
maintains the understanding and knowledge
acquired through compliance with these rules.
143
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
R 408.41121. Inspection; faults and defects.
Rule 1121. (1) A ladder, as prescribed in this
part, shall be used to provide safe access to all
elevations, unless other means, such as steps,
stairs, ramps, runways, or elevators, are provided.
(2) A ladder shall be inspected before use and
after it has fallen or been involved in an accident
to determine its condition.
144
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(3) A ladder that has any of the following faults
and defects shall be immediately tagged
“DANGEROUS – DO NOT USE” and shall be
withdrawn from service:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Broken, worn, or missing rungs, cleats, or steps.
Broken or split side rails
Broken or bent guides or iron spreaders.
Broken or bent locks.
145
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(5) When portable ladders are used for access
to an upper landing surface, the ladder side rails
shall extend not less than 3 feet (.9m) above the
upper landing surface.
146
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 11. FIXED AND PORTABLE LADDERS
(7) A metal ladder shall not be used or moved
unless a minimum of 20 feet is maintained
between power transmission or distribution lines.
147
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
R 408.40601. Scope.
Rule 601. This part provides specifications
for personal protective equipment and prescribes
the use of this equipment for the protection of the
employee’s head, face, eyes, hands, feet, and
body during construction operations.
148
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
R 408.40617. Employer responsibility.
Rule 617. (1) An employer shall provide to
an employee, at no expense to the employee, the
initial issue of personal protective equipment and
replacement equipment necessary due to
reasonable wear and tear required by this part or
any other construction safety standard rules,
unless specifically indicated otherwise in this part
or any other construction safety standard rules, or
unless a collective bargaining or other employeremployee agreement specifically requires
employees to provide such equipment.
149
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
APPLICATIONS
OPERATION
Chemical Handling
HAZARDS
Splash, Acid burns,
Fumes
RECOMMENDED
PROTECTORS: Bold
Type Numbers Signify
Preferred Protection
2, 10 (For severe
exposure add 10
over 2)
150
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(5) When an employee is exposed to hazards
such as radiation, alkalis, acids, abrasives, and
temperature extremes other than those caused by
weather conditions, appropriate head, body, and
hand protection shall be worn to protect the
employee from that hazard. Such personal
protective equipment shall be provided by the
employer.
151
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 1. GENERAL RULES
R 408.40121. Confined or enclosed spaces;
testing’ neutralizing hazard.
Rule 121. (1) An employee required to enter
into confined or enclosed spaces shall be
instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved,
the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the
use of required protective and emergency
equipment. The employer shall comply with any
specific rules that apply to work in dangerous or
potentially dangerous areas.
152
Dept. of Consumer & Industry Services
Construction Safety Standards
PART 45. FALL PROTECTION
R 408.44501. Scope.
Rule 4501. (1) This part sets forth the
minimum requirements and criteria for fall
protection in construction workplaces, their
applications, and definitions that are applicable to
these rules.
153
References
154
Additional Information
Masonry Institute of Michigan
www.mim-online.org
Brick Industry Association
www.bia.org
National Concrete Masonry Association
www.ncma.org
Portland Cement Association
www.portcement.org
Indiana Limestone Institute
www.iliai.com
Cast Stone Institute
www.caststone.org
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute
www.rmmi.org
MIOSHA
www.michigan.gov/miosha
155
Proper application procedures
Prewet
with
clean
water
Let
cleaner
dwell
Apply
cleaner
Rinse
with
clean
water
156