Belgrade, Serbia, October 14 th , 2014 Jasmina Lazovic YIHR Serbia

      1918 – 1941 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1941 – 1945 Occupation (Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Nazi Collaboration Regimes) 1945 – 1991 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1991 – June/July War in Slovenia 1991 – 1995 War in Croatia 1992 – 1995 War in Bosnia

      1998 – 1999 War in Kosovo 1999 – NATO intervention in FRY 1999 – 2001 Conflict in South Serbia 2001 – January/November Conflict in Macedonia 2006 – Montenegro declared independence 2008 – Kosovo declared independence

KINGDOM OF SERBS, CROATS AND SLOVENES (1918) / KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA (1929)

    Established after World War I The goal was to become stronger in order to defend the position of South Slavs against Austrian, Hungarian, Ottoman, Italian, Bulgarian interests in the Balkans Serbian Domination: Belgrade (Serbia) is capital city, Serbian Royal Family is ruling family Territory of Serbia (with Kosovo), Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia

    Divided into annexed parts by Germany, Italy, Albanian (under Italian occupation) and Bulgaria Independent State of Croatia (lead by Ustasha Croats): Holocaust (Jews), genocide (Serbs), crimes against humanity (Roma) Chetniks (Serbian Movement): crimes in Eastern Bosnia, fighting against partisans The Balli Kombëtar (National Front) was an Albanian nationalist, anti-communist and anti monarchist organization

SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA

    Established after World War II (Marshal Tito and Communist Party of Yugoslavia) Six federal units (six republics) Territory of Serbia (with 2 provinces: Vojvodina and Kosovo), Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia The regime was trying to minimize the role of Serbia as the biggest unit

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2.

Brotherhood and unity – nations and nationalities No dealing with the past of civil war during WW2 The status of: Muslims who were recognized as nation during ’60s / Bosniaks in 1993 (prior to this, they were religiously Muslims, ethnically Serbs/Croats/undeclared) Albanians had status of nationality but were seeking for more (although they are not Slavs and do not speak Slavic language)

        Serbs 36.3% Croats 19.7% Muslims (Bosniaks) 8.9% Slovenes 7.8% Albanians 7.7% Macedonians 5.9% Yugoslavs 5.4% Montenegrins 2.5%

     Josip Broz Tito died in 1980 Largest state funeral in history at the time “We all cried, but we did not know we were burying Yugoslavia” – Mahmut Bakalli, Kosovar Albanian politician and former President of the League of Communists in Kosovo Collective presidency: new chairman “elected” every year, on rotation Functioned until around 1991

     Serbs and Albanians unsatisfied with position in Kosovo March 1981: Mass Demonstrations of Albanians started at University of Prishtina (Kosovo to Kosovars). Federal police/army tanks intervene 1987: Rise of Slobodan Milosevic (Serbian nationalist) who is supporting Serbs in Kosovo 1989: Serbia granted right to rescind Kosovo’s autonomy (guaranteed by constitution from 1974) which led to rioting/unrests in Kosovo, curfews, some people died Serbs given financial incentives to settle in Kosovo

   1989: Fall of Berlin Wall and Communist Regimes around Europe 1990: First Multi-Party Elections in Yugoslav Federal Republics Victories of nationalists (mostly former communists)

 Two richest republics declared independence on June 25 th , 1991

  Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) sent to take over borders’ check points, to defend territorial integrity. Brijuni Agreement on July 7 th between Croatia, Slovenia, SFRY and European Community (resulted with Conference on Yugoslavia in the Hague, Netherlands)

   Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) Local Serbs with support of JNA and regime in Belgrade took more than 25% of Croatia  Aug 1991: 87-day siege on Vukovar, 80% of all buildings destroyed Non-Serbs ethnically cleansed, included into RSK

  February 1992: UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) came to Croatia To ensure conditions for peace talks, and security

 Serbian Side of Story (Ethnic Cleansing)  Croatian Side of Story (Victory)

    Referendum for independence in early 1992 held by Muslim government Boycotted by Bosnian Serbs, threats of violence Croats side with Bosnia’s Muslim government, although in the beginning of war Croats proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg Bosnia In first few months of war Serbs took around 70% of territory of Bosnia (Serbian Republic)

  Summer 1992: Prijedor – Camps 5,200 (est.) Bosniaks/Croats missing or killed

1992: British Journalist captured this

Establishment of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (1993) Task: stop the war!

1993: UN safe zones as humanitarian corridors  Sarajevo   Srebrenica Gorazde    Zepa Bihac Tuzla

     Siege of Sarajevo Rape as War Crime Ethnic Cleansing Detention and Death Camps Genocide in Srebrenica and the end of the war  Crimes on three sides?!

Siege of Sarajevo

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Siege of Sarajevo

longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare / three times longer than the Siege of Stalingrad and a year longer than the Siege of Leningrad 11,500 (est.) people killed Grenades (approx. 330 per day) and snipers Sarajevo Tunnel built in mid-1993 “Stretching the brains” – R. Mladic

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Srebrenica Genocide

July 1995 Led by Army of Republika Srpska (General Ratko Mladic and president Radovan Karadzic) Around 8,000 members of male population who were trying to escape this UN protected area Women, children and elderly people transferred to other places “Revenge for 5 centuries of Ottoman rule over Serbia” – R. Mladic

     Nov/Dec 1995: Dayton Peace Agreement Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Republika Srpska (Serbian Republic) Central government, rotating state presidency 3 ethnic majorities: Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks High representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created in 1995 immediately after the Dayton Peace Agreement to oversee the civilian implementation of this agreement.

Bosnian Book of Dead  Bosniaks: 62.013

  Serbs: 24.953

Croats: 8.403

   Total: 95.940

Civilians: 38.239

Soldiers: 57.701

   Kosovo Albanians had parallel institutions since 1991 led by Ibrahim Rugova (Democratic League of Kosovo) – peaceful resistance because of awareness of potential consequences of fighting against regime in Belgrade Expectations that Albanian Issue in Kosovo will be solved in Dayton in 1995 (did not happen) 1996: Rise of rebel groups that were attacking randomly in small range / later will become Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)

    KLA – initially perceived as terrorist group, but later recognized as freedom fighters Their goal was Kosovo separation from Yugoslavia/Serbia Adem Jashari (KLA founder) killed in March 1998 with around 50 other people (KLA members + women and children) This resulted in an international backlash against Milosevic

     Clashes between Yugoslav Army/police and KLA escalate Milosevic regime is sending extensive forces to Kosovo 1998 Summer and Fall: Albanian refuges in Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro (ethnic cleansing) International Community is reacting – OSCE Verification Mission to Kosovo Racak Massacre in January 1999

        February/March 1999: Rambouillet Negotiations and Agreement (France) Albanians signed, Serbian side did not Resulted in NATO intervention Bombing of Yugoslavia (March-June 1999) Horrible crimes in Kosovo during bombing Agreement on the end of war: Serbia is withdrawing its army and police from Kosovo, UNMIK mission is settled Status quo and unsuccessful negotiations by December 2007 (more than autonomy, less than independence) February 2008 – Kosovo declared independence

  Influenced by conflict in Kosovo (Albanians’ Armed Groups) Macedonia 2001 and South of Serbia (1999-2001)

    The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was consisted of Serbia and Montenegro as of 27 April 1992 In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted and renamed as a State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro formally declared independence on 3 June 2006 and Serbia on 5 June 2006 Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on February 17 th , 2008 (recognized by 110 countries, 23 EU members excluding Spain, Cyprus, Romania, Slovakia and Greece)

       Slovenia EU member since 2004 Croatia EU member since 2013 Montenegro is the closest to EU in this moment Serbia was/is struggling because of cooperation with the ICTY (fugitives) and Kosovo problem Bosnia is suffering because of internal divisions Macedonia is fighting with Greece over its name (FYR of Macedonia) Kosovo is still seeking membership in UN and negotiate with EU about enlargement (5 EU countries did not recognize Kosovo yet + Serbia and Bosnia in the region)

Any questions right now or any time later… … [email protected]

Jasmina Fiona Fifi Lazovic (FB) jessaminebg (Skype)

                         Map of Yugoslavia (Flag) http://flagartist.com/art/svg/flags/flag-map-of-yugoslavia-flag-map-openclipart-org-commons wikimedia-org/ Map of former Yugoslav f region today (Flags) Occupied Yugoslavia during WWII http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia#mediaviewer/File:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png

Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia in 1991 http://thevieweast.wordpress.com/2011/07/27/the-death-of-tito-the-death-of yugoslavia/ Slobodan Milosevic in Kosovo http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/international/europe/12milosevic.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Independence of Slovenia and Croatia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Croatia_Slovenia_Locator.png/350px Croatia_Slovenia_Locator.png

War in Slovenia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Slovenian_war_map.jpg

Destroyed Vukovar http://www.jutarnji.hr/multimedia/archive/00351/vukovar_351531S1.jpg

War in Croatia http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E8P-xrKFW0w/UKrSJUdYxtI/AAAAAAAAg_k/bzOK1ECDeXk/s1600/rsk.png

Serbian Refuges from Croatia http://i0.wp.com/inserbia.info/news/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Operacija-Oluja-Izbeglicka kolona-ka-Srbiji-5-avgust.jpg

Croatia celebrating the Thanksgiving Day http://www.24sata.hr/politika/srbija-od-haaga-zatrazila-da-zabrani-proslavu-oluje 160480 Prijedor Camp http://www.haber7.com/balkanlar/haber/1033203-bosnada-beyaz-kurdele-gunu The Hague Tribunal http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/files/2010/08/Front_view_of_the_ICTY.jpg

UN Safe Zones in Bosnia and Croatia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre#mediaviewer/File:Bosnia_areas_of_control_Sep_94.jpg

Siege of Sarajevo http://inavukic.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sarajevo-siege-copy.jpg

Bosnian Book of Death http://www.klix.ba/forum/bosanska-knjiga-mrtvih-95-940-imena-ubijenih-i-nestalih-t108796.html

Ethnic Composition of Bosnia in 1991 http://goo.gl/RqlBkl Ethnic Composition of Bosnia in 2005 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ethnic_Composition_of_BiH_in_2005.GIF

Adem Jashar Kosovo Refuges https://www.msu.edu/course/pls/461/stein/kosovo.htm

Kosovo Refuges under tents http://rehaansays.blogspot.com/2011/04/crowds-photo-essay.html

Conflict in Macedonia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia#mediaviewer/File:2001_Macedonia_insurgency.svg

Conflict in South Serbia http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_s%C3%B6dra_Serbien_2001#mediaviewer/File:South_serbia_conflict.png

Yugoslavia in 1991 and 2008 www.icty.org

The map of Fall of Yugoslavia http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/photo/780588:Photo:45648?context=user#.VA7vKvmSwYE