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U.S. Department of Defense
Humanitarian Assistance:
Programs and Activities
David A. Tarantino, MD
Civil-Military Policy Advisor
ASD SO/LIC Stability Operations
703-697-3309 | [email protected]
Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD)
SECDEF
USD
(POLICY)
ASD
(SO/LIC)
DASD
Stability Operations
Director
(HA/APL)
HA Policy
USD
(A&T)
ASD
(ISA)
USD
(Comptroller)
USD
(P&R)
Areas of Responsibility
Humanitarian Affairs Office
•International Humanitarian Assistance
•Foreign Disaster Relief
•Overseas Humanitarian Disaster and Civic Aid
Funds
•Humanitarian Demining
•Landmine Policy
•Migrant Operations
•International HIV/AIDS (foreign militaries)
Mission
Pursue humanitarian-related efforts as a form of
defense by other means:
•Address US security interests globally by
supporting CINC cooperation objectives
regionally
•Contribute to peace and stability in at-risk
countries
•Positively impact dire humanitarian situations
DoD Role in Humanitarian Affairs
•
Complementary and in support of other USG agencies
-- Department of State
-- US Agency for International Development
•
Brings unique capabilities to crisis situations
-- Logistics
-- Forward presence
-- Transportation
•
Must protect against excessive or inappropriate
demands on DoD assets
Humanitarian Assistance
and
Humanitarian/Civic Assistance
Overview of DoD
Humanitarian Assistance
• Involvement of DoD in humanitarian assistance
operations is one aspect of the US military role in nontraditional military missions.
• Humanitarian assistance to areas in need provides
access, builds relations, and reflects positively on the
US military.
• Helping to reduce significant suffering and enhance
stability in a particular country or region lowers the
likelihood US forces will be needed later to salvage a
deteriorating internal situation, evacuate US citizens,
or protect international organizations.
Humanitarian AssistanceA CINC Security Cooperation Tool
•OSD provides overall guidance for DoD Humanitarian
Assistance while the CINCs design and implement programs
tailored to each region for purposes of :
-- Shaping regional security environments
-- Establishing constructive relations in the region
-- Preparing for and responding to crises
-- Strengthening bilateral military-to-military and
military-to-civilian relations
Legislative Authorities
(Title 10, U.S.Code)
• Sec 2561. Humanitarian assistance (“other humanitarian
purposes worldwide”)
•
Sec 2557. Non-lethal excess property: humanitarian relief
• Sec 402. Transportation of humanitarian relief supplies to
foreign countries
• Sec 401. Humanitarian and civic assistance provided in
conjunction with military operations
Process for HA Engagement Projects
• Country Teams nominate projects to the CINC
• CINCs prepare project proposals and submit to OSD
• OSD staffs proposals within DoD and the interagency
• Appropriate projects are approved
• CINCs task units to execute the projects
• Projects are evaluated
Humanitarian Assistance
Activities
• Capacity Building Programs (disaster preparedness
focus)
• Rudimentary Construction
• Funded Transportation of Donated Relief Supplies:
(using US military or commercial assets)
• Donation of DoD Non-lethal Excess Property
• Humanitarian Daily Rations
Capacity Building Programs
•Disaster Preparedness/Response
-- Disaster preparedness assessments
-- Training host nation disaster organizations
-- Establishment of regional disaster stockpiles
• Medical Activities
-- Disease and Vector Control
-- Medical Deployments
Rudimentary Construction
• Authorized under DoD legal authorities, complies
with statute’s definition of “other humanitarian
purposes worldwide”
• Refurbishment or construction of hospitals,
clinics, sanitation facilities, water system and
schools
Funded Transportation
of Relief Supplies
• Conducted under Section 2561 of OHDACA
-- Originated in 1980s to provide HA to Afghan resistance
-- Expanded to allow transport of cargo for NGOs, IOs,
and DoD non-lethal excess property
• Transportation by most economical means
-- Airlift generally used only for items with short shelf-life
(pharmaceuticals) or emergency requirement
-- Airlifted shipments usually carried out by commercially
contracted carriers
Non-Lethal Excess Property
• Non-lethal DoD EP for humanitarian purposes
authorized under Section 2557
•Property no longer needed by DoD donated to
support security/foreign policy goals
U.S. Embassy responsible for distributing EP to host
government or NGO/IO
• Defense Logistics Agency provides logistics services,
technical support, repair services and parts,
assembly/disassembly, and maintenance before
transporting EP to ports of embarkation
Non-Lethal Excess Property
• Medical Equipment and Supplies
• Vehicles
• Tents
• Generators
• Clothing
Humanitarian Daily Rations
• Funded by DoD Humanitarian Appropriation
(OHDACA)
• Short-term needs of refugees, displaced persons, and
other needy segments of the population
• Based on Meal Ready-to-Eat (MRE) concept
• No animal products, alcohol; requires no cooking or
water
• Single package provides full day’s nutrition (2000
calories)
• Less costly than MREs (eliminated need to drawdown
MREs in emergencies)
• DoD provides air transport for emergency response
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
• HA activities in conjunction with military exercises/
operations
• Funding - Services
• Pays for consumables, incremental costs
• Primary purpose is training for US forces:
•
Medical (MEDCAP, MEDFLAG)
• Dental
• Veterinary
• Engineering (roads, wells,
rudimentary buildings)
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
• Examples:
MEDFLAG – Medical cooperation exercises in
African nations: Mass casualty exercises/medical
training combined with joint treatment of
underserved civilians
NEW HORIZONS – Exercises in Latin America –
promotes mil-mil interaction, combined
with joint engineering projects
-- construct schools/clinics/wells
DOD HCA Review FY00
• Countries with HCA projects - FY00
Antigua
Cameroon
East Timor
FYROM
Grenada
Honduras
Kazakhstan
Madagascar
Mauritania
Palau
Seychelles
Tunisia
Bangladesh
Colombia
Ecuador
Gabon
Guatemala
Indonesia
Kenya
Malawi
Moldova
Peru
Tanzania
Belize
Bolivia
Costa Rica Dom. Rep.
El Salvador Estonia
Georgia
Ghana
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Jordan
Laos
Lithuania
Malaysia
Marshall Is.
Mongolia
Nicaragua
Philippines Romania
Thailand
Trinidad/Tob.
Disaster Relief
Foreign Disaster Relief
Overview
• US military is not an instrument of first resort in responding to
humanitarian crises
-- DoD supports civilian relief agencies
• However, US military may be involved when:
-- Disaster exceeds the response capabilities of civilian
relief agencies
-- There is urgent need for immediate relief
-- US military has unique assets to contribute
• When the US military does become involved:
-- The military mission should be clearly defined
-- The risks should be minimal
-- The involvement should aim at jump-starting civilian
relief efforts
-- The exit conditions should be clear
# OF DISASTERS
Trends in Disaster Relief
90
80
70
60
OFDA Declared
Disasters
# DoD Participation
50
40
30
20
10
0
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
Amount DoD Expended*
FY 1997 $0
FY 1998 $8,780,000
FY 1999 $203,563,430
FY 2000 $64,010,000
*Includes OHDACA, Drawdown,
& CINC Funds
DoD Disaster Relief and
the Interagency
DEPT OF STATE
(PRM, POL-MIL
IO, REGIONAL)
NATIONAL SECURITY
COUNCIL
DEPT OF DEFENSE
(OSD, JOINT STAFF, CINC)
(DEMOCRACY,
HUMAN RIGHTS &
HUMANITARIAN
AFFAIRS)
DEPT OF JUSTICE
(IMMIGRATION &
NATURALIZATION
SERVICE)
US AGENCY FOR
INT’L DEVELOPMENT
(OFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER
ASSISTANCE)
DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
(US COAST GUARD)
HEALTH & HUMAN
SERVICES
(CENTERS FOR DISEASE
CONTROL)
DEPT OF COMMERCE
(NATIONAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC &
ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION)
DEPT OF AGRICULTURE
(FOREST SERVICE)
24
Request/Decision Process for DoD
Supported Disaster Relief
1.
Disaster
AID/OFDA* assesses
needs/requirements
2.
Request from HN via
US Embassy (Country Team)
3.
Formal request
to DoD via
ExecSec
Supports response;
commits DoS
resources; develops
request for DoD
assistance
State/AID
OSD Policy
The Joint Staff
4.
SOLIC staffs
recommendation with
OSD regional offices,
DSCA, GC,
Comptroller, JS,
others as appropriate
5.
Policy channels directive to
plan/execute the mission via
DSCA or ExecSec, as
appropriate
* may include HAST team.
6.
CINC
Phases of a Disaster
Preparedness
& Mitigation
Immediate Rehabilitation
Response
Efforts
Reconstruction
Early
Warning
Rapid
Continuous
Assessment Assessment
Disaster Relief Activities
• Airlift of Relief Supplies
• Damage Assessments
• Search and Rescue Ops
• Evacuations
• Care for Displaced Civilians
• Acute Medical Care
• HDRs for Emergency
Needs
• Specialized Equipment
(e.g., water purification units)
US Military Response
• US military support flows from US
commitments agreed to by the host nation
and the US Government
• US military support is short-term stop-gap
• Focus on immediate relief and emergency
operations
Emergency Relief Operations
• Objective is to save lives and stabilize the
situation
• Operations are driven by damage
assessments and critical needs
• Heavy reliance on specialized troops and
aviation, both rotary and fixed wing
Rehabilitation Operations
• Focus is on restoring critical infrastructure
necessary for transporting relief supplies and
restoring medical care
• Not intended to reconstruct society
• Heavy reliance on damage assessments
Recent DOD Disaster Assistance
• Vietnam flooding -- airlift of relief supplies
• Belize (Hurricane Keith) -- helo support
• El Salvador earthquakes -- helo support,
humanitarian excess property, other
humanitarian assistance projects
• India earthquake -- humanitarian excess
property, airlift, DOD disaster assessment team
(PSAT)
• Nigeria – assistance with UXO clearance
• Afghanistan -- humanitarian daily rations,
ongoing military civil affairs work
• Hurricane season on the horizon
DoD and
Disaster Preparedness
• Major focus of DoD Humanitarian
Assistance Program
• Promote/assist disaster preparedness,
enhancing host nation capacity to
respond
• Promote regional cooperation in disaster
preparedness/response
• Decreases likelihood for DoD response
DoD Approach
to Disaster Preparedness
• Regional – Support regional disaster
preparedness/response networks
(Caribbean, Central America)
• Bilateral – Country-specific programs
Disaster Preparedness/
Regional
• DoD, with OFDA, plays a lead role in
promoting regional disaster organizations
--Caribbean (CDERA)
--Central America (CEPREDENAC)
El Salvador earthquake example
• DoD provides: impetus, training,
conferences, seminars, warehouses
• Advice/assistance from Federal
Emergency Management Administration
Disaster Preparedness/
Bilateral
• Important part of DoD Humanitarian
Assistance program
• Assistance tailored to specific country
Disaster Preparedness/
Bilateral
• Disaster Preparedness Assessments,
• Training (medical first responder, search
and rescue, etc…)
• Construct/equip national warehouses
• Construct/train emergency operation
centers
• Conferences/seminars, exercises/simulations
• Disease outbreak surveillance capabilities
United States
Department of Defense
Humanitarian Assistance and
Foreign Disaster Response
David A. Tarantino, MD
Civil-Military Policy Advisor
OSD SO/LIC Stability Operations
703-697-3309
[email protected]