Interdisciplinary Teaching Using HCI
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Transcript Interdisciplinary Teaching Using HCI
Digital Media
Lecture 2: SemesterOverview
Georgia Gwinnett College
School of Science and Technology
Dr. Jim Rowan
The Big Question:
How do you take stuff found in the
real world…
Store it as numbers on a
computer…
So that it can be manipulated and
shared?
The answer:
It depends on what it is you are
trying to capture
We will have to know about the
nature of the real world
– Some things can be counted
– Some things need to be measured
The details of this will come a bit
later
As previously seen using hexFiend:
Text, audio, images and videos are
all stored in a file as numbers on
the computer
Some of this is meant for human
consumption (ASCII)
Some of this is meant for program
consumption (the header)
Some is used by the program to
save and represent the world
http://wiki.ggc.edu/wiki/It%27sAllJustBitsITEC2110WikiTextJrowan1
Let’s get started: It’s all just bits!
But first: Numbering systems!
Which is correct?
5 + 5 = 10
1 + 1 = 10
1 + 7 = 10
1 + F = 10
But first: Numbering systems!
Which is correct?
The answer is: It depends!
5 + 5 = 10 (in decimal)
1 + 1 = 10 (in binary)
1 + 7 = 10 (in octal)
1 + F = 10 (in hexadecimal)
But first: Numbering systems!
In this class we deal with
– Decimal
– Binary
– Hexadecimal
We will not be converting
We will not do math (a small lie)
We will learn how to count
http://wiki.ggc.edu/wiki/HowToCountLikeAnAlien
Let’s get started: Counting like an alien!
The process of counting is simple
No matter which numbering
system…
– You count starting with the first digit
– You continue to count through all the
digits available to you
– When you run out of digits, you go
back to the first digit
– Add 1 to the column to the left
How many things can you count if
you have 4 [
]positions?
your numbering system here
In decimal: 0000 -> 9999
– You can count 1000 things
In binary: 0000 -> 1111
– You can count 16 things
In hexadecimal: 0000 -> FFFF
– You can count 65,536 things
How many things can you count if
you have 4 [
]positions?
your numbering system here
The formula is:
– the number of digits in the numbering system raised to the
power of the number of positions you are using
– [#digits in the system] ** [# positions used together]
In decimal: 0000 -> 9999
10 ** 4 = 1000 things
In binary: 0000 -> 1111
2 ** 4 = 16 things
In hexadecimal: 0000 -> FFFF
16 ** 4 = 65,536 things
How do you convert stuff in the
real world into numbers that can
be placed on a computer?
It depends…
It depends on whether the thing is
a discrete thing or a continuous
thing
Stuff (phenomena)
in the real world…
Can be discrete
– These either ARE or ARE NOT
– These can be counted
• The number of cars in a parking lot
• The number of beans in a jar
Can be continuous
– These have no breaks
– These must be measured
• The height of a wave
• The atmospheric pressure
Stuff (phenomena)
in the real world…
Discrete can be counted
– 5 cars
– 11,223 beans
Continuous must be MEASURED
– The height of a wave
• 3.76 feet from crest to trough
– The atmospheric pressure
• 30.02 inches of mercury
The problem is…
Most of the interesting stuff is
continuous!
– Sound is continuous compression
waves
– Light is continuous electromagnetic
waves
To store continuous phenomena on
a computer you must measure it
and store the measurement
Sampling:
The process of converting
continuous phenomena into
discrete so that you can store it as
a number on the computer
But before we talk about
sampling…
What this stuff means:
Bit: binary digit
Byte: 8 Bits
KB: kilo byte (1,000 bytes)
MB: mega byte (1,000,000 bytes)
GB: giga byte (1,000,000,000 bytes)
TB: tera byte (1,000,000,000,000
bytes)
KBPS: kilo (1,000) bits per second
MBPS: mega (1,000,000) bits per
second
What this stuff means:
Strictly speaking…
In computing the meanings of K, M,
G are powers of 2
K = 2 ** 10 = 1,024 not 1,000
M = 2 ** 20 = 1,048,576
not 1,000,000
G = 2 ** 30 = 1,073,710,825
not 1,000,000,000
But in this class, either will do
What this stuff means:
And finally…
In some classes B and b when
used in abbreviations mean Bytes
and bits respectively
This can be confusing
For this class…
– When abbreviating communication
speeds the b (or B) means bits
– When abbreviating file size the b (or
B) means bytes
What this stuff means:
So…
Since kbps (or KBPS) is a
communication speed the b (or B)
means bits
Since mb (or MB) is a file size the
b (or B) means bytes
Network access
Changing all the time
Is getting faster and faster
Is available in a variety of forms
In this class we will discuss a few
of them
http://wiki.ggc.edu/wiki/NetworkingIssues
Let’s get started: Networking issues
Network access
Can be symmetric
– The speed into the network is the
same as the speed out
But now asymmetric is fairly
common in the home
– The speed out of the network is faster
than the speed into the network
Unless you are running a server
– Servers usually have very high
speed, symmetric connections to the
network
Network access
ADSL example
– Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• Speed in can be 640 kbps
• Speed out can be 6.1 mbps
Prehistoric example: dial up modem
– Asymmetric
• Speed in is 36,000 bps
• Speed out as high as 56,000 bps
Network access
If you are running a commercial
server (like you would have if you
were running an online business)
you may want faster service
T1 and T3 are faster and
symmetric
– T1 can be 1.544 mbps
– T3 can be 44.7 mbps
And now… Sampling
How many samples do you need to
faithfully capture a continuous
phenomena?
The answer:
– It depends! (of course!)
What does it depend on?
– It depends on the frequency of the
continuous phenomena you are trying
to capture
http://wiki.ggc.edu/wiki/SoundInTheRealWorldAndSampling
Capturing sound in the real world? Sampling!: Sound and Sampling
Sampling sound
Sound radiates
out from the
source like the
waves created
when you toss a
stone into a pond
In the air it
travels at ~760
mph
How many samples are needed?
Now, an example to show how and
why the Nyquist rate works
Below is a note played on a violin
and captured with an oscilloscope
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 625 samples per second
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 1250 samples per second
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 2500 samples per second
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 5000 samples per second
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 10,000 samples per second
A note played on a violin
Sampled at 20,000 samples per second
How many samples are needed?
If you take too few samples
– the sound quality will degrade
– but the file size will be small
If you take too many samples
– the sound quality will be excellent
– but the file size can get HUGE!
So…
– Where’s the sweet spot?
How many samples are needed?
Nyquist states that you need to
sample at twice the frequency of
the highest frequency you want to
capture and faithfully reproduce
With humans
– Since some of us can hear 20,000 cps
– You would need to sample at
40,000 cps
CD quality? (with a little wiggle room)
– 44,100 samples per second
An example: Fields of Gold
We played Fields of Gold in class
– CD quality is:
• 44,100 samples per second
• 16 bits (2 bytes) per sample
– with 16 bits you can capture…
– 2**16 = 65,636 different levels
Looking at the file:
– It is 4 minutes and 59 seconds
– The file size is 1,201,173 bytes long
Does this make sense?
An example: Fields of Gold
4 minutes and 59 seconds
= 4 x 60 + 59 = 299 seconds
299 seconds x 44,100 sps
= 13,156,000 samples
13,156,000 samples x 2 bytes per sample
= 26,371,800 bytes
But this is stereo (two channels) so…
26,371,800 bytes x 2 channels…
= 52,743,600 bytes…
That’s ~52 MB… but we said that the music was
1.2 MB
How is this possible?
HMMMMMmmmm…
An example: Fields of Gold
Fields of Gold is an MP3…
It’s compressed!
If we had the original CD it would be
~52 MB in length
Types of compressed files
MP3 is lossy
– What you get back after compressing the
file is NOT exactly the same as the original
– But… it’s close enough
– Images and sound can use lossy
compression techniques (more later)
Zip is lossless
– What you get back is EXACTLY what you
started with
– Applications must be losslessly compressed
– All the 0s and 1s have to be exactly the
same or the program will not run
Further reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_ra
te
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_
%28signal_processing%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp3
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