Transcript Chapter 30
Chapter 30
Examinations and Procedures of Body Systems
Integumentary System
• Skin and associated structures • Protection against invasion of microorganisms and trauma • Helps regulate body temperature • Nerve endings sense pressure, touch, pain © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Integumentary System
• Layers of skin – Epidermis: outer layer – Dermis: inner layer; connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands – Subcutaneous: connective tissue; layer on which skin and muscles lie © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Integumentary System
• Skin disorders frequently produce lesions • If lesion appears suspicious, provider may perform biopsy for tissue analysis • MA: obtain wound cultures, apply sterile dressing to wound site, allergy skin testing © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Integumentary System
• Allergy skin testing – Be prepared to treat emergencies – Notify provider immediately – Have patient lie down – Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections ready to be administered – Check patient ’ s vital signs © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Integumentary System
• Allergy skin testing – Scratch test – Patch test – Intradermal test © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Neurologic System
• Functions – Coordinate activity of body systems – Allow body to adapt to internal and external environment • Signs and symptoms – Lack of sensation – Seizures – Confusion – Paralysis – Aphasia © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Neurologic System
• MA role in neurologic screening – Observe patient ’ s mental status – Assist provider Equipment and supplies >> © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Neurologic System
• Components of a neurologic screening – History – Symptoms – Cranial nerve function – Motor function – Sensory function – Reflex function – Gait and stance – Additional tests © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• Sense organs – Eyes – Ears – Nose – Taste buds © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• The eye – Organ for sight; externally exposed – Accessory structures: eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal ducts, extrinsic muscle – Anterior: eyeball protrudes outward; remainder protected by orbit – Intraocular: some parts of eye visible externally and parts visible only through ophthalmoscope © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• Measuring visual acuity – Distance visual acuity • Snellen chart – Near visual acuity • Jaeger test – Color vision • Ishihara test © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• Please refer to the video library on the Instructor Resources CD to view video “Screening Tests.” © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• The ear – External ear: pinna (auricle) and external auditory canal – Middle ear: tympanic cavity – Inner ear: responsible for hearing and equilibrium © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• Measuring auditory ability – Tests performed • Gross hearing tests • Removing impacted cerumen • Audiometry • Tympanometry • Ear irrigation • Ear instillation © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sensory System
• The nose – Assisting with nasal exams – Electrocautery treatment of epistaxis – Performing nasal packing and instillation © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System
• Respiratory process – External respiration and internal respiration – Gas exchange in lungs © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System
• Signs and symptoms of respiratory conditions and disorders – Dyspnea – Chest pain – Fatigue – Hemoptysis – Chills and fever – Hoarseness – Wheezing – Cough © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System
• Diagnostic tests – Auscultation of chest – Lung function tests – Chest x-rays – Sputum culture collection – Bronchoscopy – Computerized tomography or CT scanning – Arterial blood gases (ABGs) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System
• Spirometry >> – Measure air flow, volume, capacity; pulmonary function tests (PFTs) • Peak expiratory flow rates • Pulse oximetry >> – Amount of oxygen saturation in blood © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Respiratory System
• Inhalers – Devices that deliver medication into lungs – Types of inhalers • Metered dose inhalers (MDI) • Metered dose inhalers with spacers (MDIS) • Dry powder inhaler (DPI) • Nebulizer © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Circulatory System
• Functions – Composed of heart and network of blood vessels – Pump and transport blood to all body parts – Supply oxygen to all body parts – Remove waste products from body tissues © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Blood and Lymph System
• Blood: deposits nutrients and removes wastes in body tissues and organs • Lymph: filtering properties • Excellent indicators of many underlying diseases © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Blood and Lymph System
• Common diagnostic tests – Chemistry profile – Coagulation studies – Complete blood count (CBC) – Differential – Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Platelet count – Lipid profile – Liver function studies – Thyroid profile © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Musculoskeletal System
• Coordinates supporting framework and movements of body – Bones, joints, muscles, surrounding tissue – Bones store minerals; classified according to shape – Appendicular and axial skeleton – 600 muscles; bundles of muscle fibers with ability to contract and relax © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Musculoskeletal System
• Skeletal system tests – Radiographs and visual exam techniques – Bone biopsy • Muscular system treatments – Electromyostimulation – Cold and hot therapy – Physical therapy © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Fractures, Casting, and Cast Removal
• Closed fractures often treated in ambulatory care setting • Casting – Plaster, synthetic or plastic, air cast – Short arm cast (SAC) – Long arm cast (LAC) – Long and short leg casts © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Digestive System
• Functions of digestive system – Ingestion of food and breaking into particles – Passage of food through digestive system – Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes – Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream – Defecation of solid waste products • Please refer to the Animation Library in the StudyWARE to view video “Digestion.” © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Digestive System
• Signs/symptoms of disorders – Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, heartburn, loss of appetite, weight loss, indigestion, fatigue, other signs and symptoms • Diseases and disorders – Gastritis, gastroenteritis, ulcers, hernias, peritonitis, diarrhea Diverticulosis >> © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Digestive System
• Upper GI series Lower GI series © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Digestive System
• Endoscopic procedures – Endoscope: device to view hollow cavities or organs – Procedures can be done on many internal organs without surgical intervention – Capsule video endoscopy (CVE) – Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) – PillCam © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diagnostic Testing
• Sigmoidoscopy • Colonoscopy • Radiological studies of digestive tract Fecal occult blood test >> © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diagnostic Testing
• Sigmoidoscopy – Diagnostic examination of interior of sigmoid colon – Preparing patients • May need to administer enema Proctosigmoidoscopy and equipment >> © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Diagnostic Testing
• Bariatrics – Field of medicine that treats obesity and conditions associated with obesity – Bariatric surgery • • Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose weight “ Banding ” or “ stapling ” and gastric bypass surgery © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Organs – Kidneys, ureters, bladder • Functions of kidneys – Form and excrete urine – Regulate water balance in body – Maintain acid-base balance of body fluids © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Signs and symptoms of urinary conditions and disorders – Dysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency, urgency, oliguria, nocturia – Other signs and symptoms • Urinary tract infection (UTI) most common disorder of urinary system © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Diagnostic tests – Urinalysis – Culture and sensitivity – Blood tests: BUN – Radiological exams • IVP • KUB radiograph • Cystogram © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) • Cystoscopy >> – Views urethra and bladder through lighted scope • Biopsy of the kidney © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Urinary catheterization – Reasons to catheterize patients • Obtain sterile specimen for analysis • Relieve urinary retention • Instill medication into bladder • Measure amount of post-void residual urine – In some states, MAs may perform or assist with catheterization © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Urinary System
• Equipment for catheterization >> • Types of catheterizations © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.