Transcript AP Review
AP Review …From the Civil War Key information you MUST know Western Expansion 1860-1895 • • • • • • Homestead Act and the Morrill Land Grant Act Farming on Great Plains difficult Bonanza farms replaced individual farmers Women first receive the vote in Western states Mining/Lumbering attract settlers Native Americans forced off land and into reservations, with resistance at places like Little Bighorn and Ghost Dance Movement Western Expansion 1860-1895 • Dawes Act breaks up reservation/tribal lands • American framers organize in late 1860’s through the Grange, Framer’s Alliance and later the Populists • Dime store novels portray rugged west of outlaws, drinkers and stagecoach robberies • Novels contrast with Turner’s Frontier Thesis Western Expansion 1860-1895 • • • • • Gold Rush Silver discovered Barbed wire Exoduster Movement Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show • Indian Territories open for settlement • Cross of Gold • William Jennings Bryan • Greenback Party • Gold Standard US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910 • Factors of industrial growth: expansion of heavy industry and availability of steel, natural resources and labor supply • Taylorism/assembly line created changes for workers • Horizontal/vertical integration allowed businesses to expand • Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth • Early unionization: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World (why does union membership remain low?) US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910 • Significance and impact of new immigrants form s. and e. Europe on cities and labor supply • Transformation of US cities with new modes of transportation…suburbanization • Political machines in the city, with early reforms in some states for a civil service system US as Industrial Giant 1870-1910 • • • • • • • • • • Bessemer Steel Knights of Labor Tammany Hall Holding Company Gilded Age Pendleton Service Act Chinese Exclusion Haymarket Riot, Chicago How the Other Half Lives Ellis Island • • • • • First subway-Boston Ford opens IWW forms The Jungle Ford uses an assembly line Rise of American Imperialism 1890-1913 • US becomes economic/imperialistic equal of European powers by 2oth century (US farmers/manufacturers need global market) • Increased economic/political control of Hawaii • US wants China trade…want an Open Door • Opposition in US to imperialism on moral or humanitarian grounds • Spanish-American War increases imp. Impulse • US reluctantly annexes Philippines, leading to three years of fighting • Panama Canal built for military, strategic and economic purposes • Roosevelt Corollary to MD increased US control over LA Rise of American Imperialism 1890-1913 • Alaska acquired • Our Country, Josiah Strong: role of AngloSaxon in world • Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power upon History • Pro-US planters overthrow Queen L • USS Maine…War • John Jay’s Open Door • Gain Philippines • Naval Act expands navy • Great White Fleet • Treaty of Portsmouth • Panama Canal Progressive Era 1895-1914 • What were the political, economic and social problems that existed in the late 1890’s that lead to a movement to address these issues? • Progressives were a movement w/o a single set of leaders, goals • Social Gospel Movement aligned with progressive goals • Muckraking magazines and newspapers created/published the progressive agenda • Efforts to reform city government and and its services Progressive Era 1895-1914 • Political reforms include: initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary…to name a few • Hull House was a…? Created by Whom? • TR’s Square Deal included many progressive measures • The Great War ended/diminished the reform impulse • Failure of reformers: aiding farmers, African Americans and other non-WASP’s Progressive Era 1895-1914 • Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy • Tom Johnson, Cleveland mayor • Women's Trade Union league • NAACP • Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy • Bull Moose Party • Triangle Shirtwaist fire • Federal Reserve System • • • • • • • • • • • Anti-Saloon league The Jungle Birth of a Nation Robert La Follette 14 Points Eugene Debs Clayton Anti-trust Act Pure Food and Drug Outbreak of WWI Prohibition Ida Tarbell US and the Great War (WWI) • First direct US of European affairs, expanding US involvement and impact on world • Many in US prefer Allies, U-boat campaign solidifies support for France and UK • Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegraph • AEF provides military and psychological support for Allies • Propaganda directed towards the “Hun” • Federal government mobilized population for war effort US and the Great War (WWI) • Great Migration begins, continues through 1920’s • French/British opposition to 14 Points • Treaty ignites old debate: isolationism or internationalism? • America grows more isolationist through 1920’s • Social and economic upheaval in the post-war conversion to peace US and the Great War (WWI) • • • • • • Convoy System Russian Revolution Liberty Bonds Conscription War Industries Board Committee on Public Information, George Creel • Espionage Act • Irreconcilables v. Reservationists • Treaty of Versailles • Chicago’s race riots • Labor strikes • Post-war strife • Red Scare 1920’s: The Start of Modern US • A consumer economy emerges unprecedented in US history • New forms of entertainment: ads, newspapers, radio, motion pictures leads to a uniform national culture • Changes resisted by many in small towns/rural, leading to many cultural conflicts • Taylor’s assembly line leads to mass-produced consumer goods • Buying on the installment plan created opportunities and problems • Republican Party controls WH and Congress with policies that generally favor big business 1920’s: The Start of Modern US • Harding administration wracked by scandal • Resentment towards Blacks intensifies, resulting in race riots in the North and lynchings in the South, new KKK • Red Scare results in suspension of civil liberties, deportation of immigrants • Nativist fears leads to quota restrictions in early 1920’s • Urban/Rural split: prohibition and evolution • The Jazz Age: emergence of speakeasies, flappers and loser sexual mores • The Lost Generation disillusioned with American Society • Harlem Renaissance: diverse collection of black artists, musicians and writers 1920’s: The Start of Modern US • • • • • • • • • • Race riots, Chicago Violent Strikes Palmer raids Sacco and Vanzetti Model T Teapot Dome Scandal Rep. Presidents Washington Conference Dawes Plan Marcus Garvey • • • • • • • • • National origins Act Scopes Trial The Jazz Singer The Man Nobody Knows The Great Gatsby Harlem Renaissance Charles Lindbergh Babe Ruth Market Crash Great Depression and New Deal • G Depression’s origins are economic problems of the 1920’s: agricultural, banking, speculating and buying on margin • HH: volunteerism best solution • FDR: Promises a New Deal. First activist president of 20th century, used power of fed gov’t, to help • First 100 Days: Banks, CCC, stable farm prices, NIRA, speaks to US via fireside chats • Second New Deal: WPA and Social Security, longest lasting legacy of FDR/ND Great Depression and New Deal • FDR crafts coalition of urban whites, southerners, union members, and blacks that stay in the Democratic party in power through 1980’s • New Deal Critics: Left: did nor do enough to alleviate effects of depression. Right: policies undermined competitive nature of capitalism leading to socialism • Court packing and Recession of 1937 demonstrate strength of Depression and ltd power of New Deal • Radio/Movies are staples of relief Great Depression and New Deal • • • • • • • CRASH Dust Bowl Hoovervilles Hawley Smoot Tariff Scottsboro Boys Bonus Army Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth • Prohibition ends • CCC • TVA • • • • • • • • • WPA AAA FDIC Wagner Act: right to organize NLRB Francis Perkins Mary McLeod Bethune Eleanor The Grapes of Wrath Their Eyes Were Watching God WWII • • • • • War production ends Great Depression US emerges as global power, w/USSR, after war Isolationism is US policy through 1930’s Lend-Lease/Destroyers for bases assist Britain PH attack part of Japanese strategy, mobilizes US opinion/resolve • US forces create second front in Europe • US air/sea power defeat Japanese in pacific • Atomic bomb: minimize human cost of invasion, and as retaliation against Japanese war actions WWII • American war-time sacrifices: rationing, war bonds, victory gardens, extra work • Industrial jobs for women • Continued discrimination in the military and civilian sector for African Americans (Double V) • Japanese internment WWII • • • • • • • • Hitler Nazi-Soviet Pact Neutrality Act Atlantic Charter Pearl Harbor Baatan Death March Battle of the Atlantic Yalta Conference: split Germany, • Iron Curtain • Battle of Midway • • • • • • • • War bonds Ration cards Victory Garden Rosie the Riviter Korematsu v. US Internment camps Casablanca Manhattan Project Cold War Origins 1945-1960 • Winning Cold War central goal for 45 years • Significant economic impact: factories devoted to military hardware • Who started it: Soviet expansionism v. US monopoly on the BOMB • Post-war conferences Cold War Origins 1945-1960 • Iron Curtain image articulated by Churchill • Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and NATO unite US and W. Europe • US resolve tested by Berlin and Korea • 1949: USSR China Communist • HUAC investigates commie infiltration in US, McCarthy roots out commies • Ike and Dulles: aggressive plan to rollback and contain communism • Arms race between US and USSR Cold War Origins 1945-1960 • • • • • • • • • • • • Yalta Potsdam Iron Curtain Kennan: Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO/Warsaw Pact “Who Lost China?” HUAC/Hiss-Nixon Creation of Israel Eisenhower Doctrine • • • • • • • • • • • Army-McCarthy Hearings Guatemala overthrow Suez Crisis/Nasser Domino Theory Shah of Iran Rosenbergs Dien Bien Phu Geneva Accords Sputnik Castro JFK elected 1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety • The 50’s: Complacency or quiet and growing ferment? • Economic Growth: Cold War spending, autos, houses and appliances • Ads shape purchasing • GI Bill: mortgages and college education (welfare?), move people into the middle class • Does suburbanization = conformity? • Baby Boom 1945 to 1962 • Truman and Ike still in FDR’s shadow: has the New Deal become acceptable? 1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety • Brown v. Board of Education, roots in Howard University • Montgomery Bus Boycott brings new leaders and strategies to the fore • Are Civil Rights and the Cold War linked? • Were teens of the 1950’s the silent generation? What were the effect of James Dean and Elvis Presley? What were they rebelling against? 1950’s: Prosperity and Anxiety • • • • • • • • • GI Bill Taft Hartley Jackie Robinson Credit card introduced Catcher in the Rye (1951) Rock n Roll (1953) Interstate H-way Act McDonald’s opens Majority of workers are white-collar • ¾’s of US own a tv (1960) • Feminine Mystique • Man in the Gray Flannel Suit • Betty Friedan: NOW • The Beat Generation • On the Road • The Affluent Society • Levittowns America in Turmoil: 1960-1975 • Are protest and the cultural rebellion of the 1960’s good or bad? Why? • JFK’s image of presidential strength though few program pass Congress • Cuban Missiles: major crisis that bring world close to world war • Was JFK’s death used by LBJ to get Great Society programs passed in Congress • Civil Rights Movement moves for non-violent interracial cooperation to Black Power? Why? America in Turmoil: 1960-1975 • Women seek equal rights through orgs like NOW • LBJ escalates the war in Vietnam • US military struggles against VC/NVA tactics and declining domestic support • Tet Offensive is a turning point as well as other events of 1968: King/RFK, Democratic Convention, Nixon wins • Student protests on the rise. SDS key organization • Vietnamization is Nixon’s plan, SV gov’t falls two years after US leaves America in Turmoil: 1960-1975 • • • • • • • • • • • SDS SNCC Freedom Rides Bay of Pigs Silent Spring, Rachel Carson Cuban Missile Crisis The Other America March on Washington The Feminine Mystique War on Poverty Free Speech Movement • Civil Rights Act • Tonkin Gulf Resolution • Troop escalation, 1965 America in Turmoil • • • • • • • • Warren Commission Kerner Commission Nation of Islam Black Nationalism Black Panthers United Farm Workers Counterculture Woodstock Music Festival • Pentagon Papers • American Indian Movement • My Lai Massacre • Nixon reelected • Roe v. Wade US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988) • How did the Watergate Affair contribute to a sense of decline in the US? Why did Nixon go after “enemies?” • Nixon crafts new relationships with China and the Soviet Union • Ford’s tenure tainted by pardon of Nixon • Carter campaigns as an outsider, a position taken by many post-Watergate politicians • Outsider status hurts carter’s relationships w/ Congress in terms of legislation • Camp David Accords helped Egypt/Israel bridge differences US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988) • Carter was unable to negotiate release of hostages held in Iran, costing him reelection votes • Ronald Reagan elected a a conservative who hope to restore US pride • RR employs supply-side economics, though it grew the economy, deficits soared • RR escalated Cold War rhetoric, but courted cordial relations with Soviet leaders • Demonstrates lack of direct control as demonstrated by Iran-Contra Affair US: Decline and Rebirth? (1968-1988) • • • • • • • • • Nixon’s southern strategy SALT I Détente/Realpolitik Watergate, Woodward and Bernstein Spiro Agnew resigns Saturday Night massacre Nixon resigns/Ford Stagflation: unemployment and inflation WIN • Carter signs Panama canal treaty • Affirmative Action • Religious Right • Draft amnesty by Carter • American taken hostage in Iran • Recession 1981-1983 • Massive Tax Cuts/tax Reform Act of 1986 (50 to 28% for wealthiest) • Star Wars • US victorious in Grenada US from 1988 to 2000 • Ability to manage domestic politics key to presidential success in post-Cold War era • GHW Bush alienates w/ no new taxes • What ended the Cold War: weakness in Soviet infrastructure, ^ US mil spending, Polish resistance? • GHW Bush against Iraq in Desert Storm • Clinton campaigns as New Democrat/centric, focus on economy • Clinton failure on Health Care paved way for Rep gains in 1994 (Contract with America) US from 1988 to 2000 • Clinton and Gingrich fierce opponents in budget battles • Whitewater and investigations of Clinton’s personal life marred second term of Clinton • George W Bush elected after S. Court steps in US from 1988 to 2000 • Solidarity replace Comm gov’t in Poland • Berlin Wall falls • Comm gov’ts fall in EE • Persian Gulf War • New Right • Economic recession • Clinton elected • US troops killed in Somalia • NAFTA ratified • Terrorists target WTC • Globalization • Republican sweep midterm election 1994 • Kenneth Starr appt special prosecutor • Federal budget surplus • Clinton impeached by House, acquitted by Senate • GW Bush elected • 9-11