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Chapter 20
Qualitative Research Design and
Approaches
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design
that emerges in the field as the study unfolds.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design
that emerges in the field as the study unfolds. Although
qualitative design is flexible, qualitative researchers plan
for broad contingencies that pose decision opportunities
for study design in the field.
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Emergent Design
• Emerges in the filed as the study unfolds
• Flexible
• Plan for broad contingencies
• Pose decision opportunities for study desgin
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Bricoleurs
• Creative and intuitive
• Array of data from many sources
• Holistic understanding
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Overview of Qualitative Research
Traditions
• Anthropology (Domain: Culture)
– Ethnography; Ethnoscience
• Philosophy (Domain: Lived Experience)
– Phenomenology; Hermeneutics
• Psychology (Domain: Behavior)
– Ethology; Ecological psychology
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Overview of Qualitative Research
Traditions (cont’d)
• Sociology (Domain: Social Settings)
– Grounded theory; Ethnomethodology
• Sociolinguistics (Domain: Communication)
– Discourse analysis
• History (Domain: Past Events & Conditions)
– Historical research
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people
and relies on extensive field work that usually includes
participant observation and in-depth interviews with key
informants.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people
and relies on extensive field work that usually includes
participant observation and in-depth interviews with key
informants.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Ethnography
• Describes and interprets cultural behavior
• Types of ethnography:
– Macroethnography (broadly defined cultures)
– Microethnography (narrowly defined cultures)
– Autoethnography
– Ethnonursing research
– Ethnoscience (cognitive anthropology)
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Ethnography (cont’d)
• Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork
• Culture is inferred from the group’s words,
actions, and products
• Assumption: cultures guide the way people
structure their experiences
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Ethnography (cont’d)
• Seeks an emic perspective (insiders’ view) of
the culture
• Relies on a wide range of data sources
• Product: an in-depth, holistic portrait of the
culture under study
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Ethnonursing resaerch seeks to discover the essence and
meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people,
mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have
had the relevant experience.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
False
Phenomenology seeks to discover the essence and
meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people,
mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have
had the relevant experience. Nurses sometimes refer to
their ethnographic studies as ethnonursing research.
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Phenomenology
• Focuses on the discovery of the meaning of
people’s lived experience
• Descriptive phenomenology: describes the
meaning of human experience
• Steps: Bracketing, Intuiting, Analyzing,
Describing
• Interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics):
interprets human experience
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Phenomenology (cont’d)
• Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon
as experienced by these people, and what
does it mean?
• Four aspects of experience: Lived space,
lived body, lived time, lived human relation
• Main data source: In-depth conversations
with participants
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Grounded Theory
Aims to discover theoretical precepts about
social psychological processes and social
structures, grounded in data
– Substantive theory: grounded in data on
a specific substantive topic
– Grounded formal theory: a higher, more
abstract level of theory based on
substantive grounded theory studies
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Grounded Theory Studies
• Primary data sources: in-depth interviews and
observations
• Data collection, data analysis, sampling occur
simultaneously
• Constant comparison used to develop and refine
theoretically relevant categories
• Alternative views of grounded theory:
 Glaser and Strauss
 Strauss and Corbin
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Historical Research
• Systematically attempts to establish facts
about and relationships among past events
• Types of historical research:
– Biographical history
– Social history
– Intellectual history
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Historical Data
• Typically written records (can be physical remains,
photographs, interviews)
• Requires evaluation
– External criticism: authenticity of the source
– Internal criticism: worth of the evidence
• Often found in historical archives
• Can be primary source or secondary source
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Case studies focuses on story in studies in which the
purpose is to explore how people make sense of events
in their lives.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
False
Case studies are intensive investigations of a single entity
or a small number of entities, such as individuals,
groups, organizations, or communities; such studies
usually involve collecting data over an extended period.
Narrative analysis focuses on story in studies in which
the purpose is to explore how people make sense of
events in their lives.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Other Types of Qualitative Research
Case studies:
Focus on a single entity, or a small
number of entities, with intensive
scrutiny
Narrative analysis:
Focus on story; designed to determine
how individuals make sense of events
in their lives
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Other Types of Qualitative Research
(cont’d)
Qualitative outcome analysis (QOA):
An approach to confirming the applicability
of clinical strategies suggested by a
qualitative study and evaluating clinical
outcomes
Qualitative metasynthesis:
Interpretive translations produced by
integrating findings from qualitative studies
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Research With Ideological Perspectives
Critical theory research:
Concerned with a critique of existing
social structures and with envisioning
new possibilities
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Research With Ideological Perspectives
(cont’d)
Feminist research:
Focuses on how gender domination and
discrimination shape women’s lives and
their consciousness
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Research With Ideological Perspectives
(cont’d)
Participatory action research:
Produces knowledge through close
collaboration with groups/communities
that are vulnerable to control or
oppression
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