Transcript ENERGY – THE PLANNING RESPONSE

SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY
USE - CRITICAL CHOICES FOR
MUNICIPALITIES
• .
1
20TH CENTURY INFLUENCES ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF OUR TOWNS AND REGIONS
• INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT:
– CHEAP FUEL PRICES
• DOMINANCE OF THE MOTOR CAR AND
EXPANSION OF THE SUBURBS
– SEPARATION OF LAND USES THROUGH
PLANNING
– THE POLITICAL SEPARATION OF PEOPLE
• RESULTS:
– MASSIVE MOVEMENT
– EXCESSIVE ENERGY USE
– HUMAN HARDSHIP, ESPECIALLY POORER
PEOPLE
– ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
2
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO
REVERSE 20TH CENTURY TRENDS
THE MAGNITUDE AND TYPE OF URBAN ENERGY USE –
CAPE TOWN EXAMPLE
FOSSIL FUELS DOMINATE
TRANSPORT DOMINATES
Source: State of Energy Report for Cape Town 2003
3
INEFFICIENCIES FORCE CAR USE BUT NOT ALL
CAN AFFORD: USE OF CAR ON WORK TRIP SOUTH AFRICA 1997
R6000/month
R3000R6000/month
R3000/month
0%
% HOUSEHOLDS
in income class
who use car
Only 8% of poorest
households use a car
on a work trip
50%
100%
Data source: R. Behrens
in Dewar, D. & Todeschini, F. 2003.
Rethinking urban transport after modernism:
lessons from South Africa. Ashgate
4
THE CURRENT SITUATION – END OF AN ERA
• Fossil fuel use is
reducing
internationally,
because of:
– Increasing scarcity;
– Need to reduce
emissions;
– Need to reduce impact
on climate.
5
1.
WHAT IS REQUIRED: MOBILIZE LOCALLY
AVAILABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY
• There is a mandate for a
shift to consumption of
renewable energy.
• It is technically possible
for the KwaZulu-Natal to
provide virtually all its
liquid fuel requirements
and become an exporter
of electricity using only
renewable sources of
energy.
Gandar, M.V. 1989. Integrated Energy
Planning For Natal KwaZulu. Natal Town
And Regional Planning Supplementary
Report Volume 33
6
2. WHAT IS REQUIRED: MORE ENERGYEFFICIENT TOWNS & REGIONS
• Spatial planning has a mandate to restructure
inefficient towns and regions.
• Therefore, municipalities need to reduce the
built-in energy demand through spatial
restructuring:
– Build pedestrian-friendly environments;
– Commit to efficient & viable public transport;
– Build working local economies, therefore reducing
need for unnecessary movement of people and
goods.
7
HOW TO RESTRUCTURE
• RECOGNIZE THAT THE TREND IS
UNSUSTAINABLE
• CREATE A MUNICIPAL PLAN FOR:
– SETTLEMENT GROWTH
– MORE DENSE TOWNS AND CITIES
– SPECIAL ATTENTION TO HOW THE
MORE-DENSE SETTLEMENTS ARE MADE
AND STRUCTURED
• THEREFORE, MAKE THE
FOLLOWING CRITICAL CHOICES…
8
Source: McHarg, I.L. 1969. Design
with nature. New York, Natural History
Press.
CRITICAL CHOICES
•
•
•
•
•
•
CRITICAL CHOICE 1:
DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO IN
THE MUNICIPALITY
CRITICAL CHOICE 2:
ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A FIXED URBAN EDGE
CRITICAL CHOICE 3:
INCREASE URBAN DENSITIES AT LEAST THREE TIMES
CRITICAL CHOICE 4:
CREATE A WEB OF PEDESTRIAN-PUBLIC TRANSPORT MOVEMENT
CRITICAL CHOICE 5:
REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM WITH A FAMILY OF PUBLIC SPACES
CRITICAL CHOICE 6:
REINFORCE THE PUBLIC SPACES WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
9
CRITICAL CHOICE 1:
DECIDE WHERE SETTLEMENT GROWTH
SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO
• THE CURRENT TREND: EXPANSIVE, LOW
DENSITY SPRAWL OVER THE COUNTRYSIDE
• THIS INVOLVES ALL FORMS: LOW-INCOME
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT, HIGH INCOME
RESIDENTIAL, INFORMAL HOUSING;
RESIDENTIAL ESTATES…
• The following slides show this in the coastal areas
of KwaZulu-Natal
10
Sprawling low-density settlement growth…
11
..impossible to service economically with
urban infrastructure; environmentally
destructive; brutal to its
inhabitants…
12
Daily cost of public TP to commuter {R/day}
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy
Unit –
Development
Planning &
Management
13
Housing Location
Assuming full level of service
most projects outside urban
edge cost more than
R10- 20 000 per site for bulks
Assuming a full level of service
most projects inside urban
edge cost less than R5000/ site
for bulks
Financial sustainability
dictates that more ( fully
serviced) housing projects
occur inside urban edge AND
more projects inside the
Urban Core
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit – Development
Planning & Management
14
4. Results: Infrastructure costs in North
Source:
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit
– Development
Planning &
Management
15
4. Results: Infrastructure costs in North
Source:
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit –
Development Planning
& Management
16
4. Results: Infrastructure costs in North
Source:
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit –
Development Planning &
Management
17
4. Results: Infrastructure costs in North
Source:
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit –
Development Planning
& Management
18
4. Results: Infrastructure costs in North
Source:
ETHEKWINI
MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit
– Development
Planning &
Management
19
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES IN KZN:
COMPARISON OF THE 1994 & 2000 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LANDUSE
Source: Natural Resources Section: DAEA
Landcover
Natural Grassland
Cultivated Land
Woodlands
Sugarcane
Water Bodies
Bare Rock/Soil
Forests Indigenous
Plantations
Eroded Areas
Degraded Lands
Wetlands
Residential Areas
Thickets/Bushland
1994
(hectares)
3 706 947
1 212 144
600 070
410 905
122 368
7 397
126 415
643 451
5 905
745 818
75 150
136 587
1 623 954
2000
(hectares)
3 372 007
1 037 620
482 629
307 688
123 952
11 763
148 612
668 953
44 136
790 337
138 379
205 844
2 145 041
Difference
in hectares
- 334 940
- 174 524
- 117 441
- 103 217
+ 1 584
+4 366
+ 22 197
+ 25 502
+ 38 231
+ 44 519
+ 63 229
+ 69 257
+ 521 087
20
What is the Trend in Conservation Status?
?
1995
2000
Source: EZEMVELO KZN WILDLIFE
2005
21
IT IS NECESSARY TO PLAN WHERE SETTLEMENT
GROWTH SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT GO
• Not all places are the
same - growth cannot
go everywhere.
• Therefore, draw up a
plan for settlement
growth in the
municipality.
Source: Natural
Resources Section: DAEA
22
WHAT THE LAND SUGGESTS - EXAMPLE OF THE
KIND OF ANALYSIS THAT PLANNERS MUST DO
Source: McHarg, I.L.
1969. Design with
nature. New York,
23
Natural History Press.
THE PLAN SHOULD SHOW URBAN, RURAL
AND WILD AREAS
• People’s environment comprises urban, rural and wild areas - to be
full person, access to all is a basic human requirement.
• This is also the basis of a diverse local economy.
• Therefore, the plan shows the full range:
24
THE URBAN PART FOLLOWS THE ROUTES OF
PUBLIC TRANSPORT & BULK INFRASTRUCTURE
• Urban development naturally tends to follow the
lines of movement:
The following examples show linear development of
the urban settlement along the movement routes…
25
China: Urban development follows the
route in a linear manner…
Source: Sinclair, K. et al. 1988.
OVER CHINA. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
26
China: Settlements form
‘beads-on-a-string’ – this
energy efficient pattern is the
most efficient for provision of
bulk services, social facilities
and public transport.
Source: Sinclair, K. et al.
1988. OVER CHINA.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
27
NEED FOR A CLEAR DISTINCTION
BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL
• A clear distinction:
– Allows decision on where urban services
should and should not go;
– Shows where to place decentralized, ‘offgrid’ services in rural areas e.g. standalone power generation, rural water
supply…;
– Conserves agricultural resources and
biodiversity;
– Supports development of local agricultural
economies & tourism economies – not
undermined by urban sprawl.
28
Combined Bulk infrastructure Costs
Based on:
Water
Sanitation
Roads
Electricity
Stormwater
Non-urban
Urban
Need to draw a line
demarcating Urban/Nonurban or Rural areas
which will be served with
financially viable systems
Rural areas densifying
incrementally
Choices:
- where do you
expand urban infra.
- rural housing &
urban housing
Direction of
cost increase
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY:
Corporate Policy Unit –
Development Planning &
Management
29
‘Extension of the electricity network to lowdensity settlements is economically
unsustainable
– will need to be supplemented
with off-grid options, such
as solar power’
(NSDP)
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
30
OVER TIME, ‘OFF-GRID’ RURAL SERVICES MAY INTEGRATE
WITH URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IF DESIRED
Source: Miller, G. T. Living in
the environment. Brooks/Cole.
31
CRITICAL CHOICE 2: ESTABLISH AND
MAINTAIN AN URBAN EDGE
• THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN URBAN AND
RURAL MUST BE PRESERVED ON THE
URBAN EDGE:
– THIS GIVES LOCAL ACCESS TO NATURE;
– CLOSE URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL LINKAGES;
– CONTAINS SPRAWL AND RELEASES URBAN
POTENTIAL OF DENSE POPULATIONS;
– REMOVES CONFLICTS WITH NATIONAL POLICIES
OVER AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ECOLOGICAL
RESERVES
32
SHIFT AWAY FROM THIS…..
33
Source:
Tilleray B. & Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
..to urban
containment
and a clear urban edge34
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
• DEFINE AN URBAN EDGE THAT CONTAINS
CITY SPREAD
• PROTECT THE URBAN EDGE WITH A BAG OF
REINFORCING POLICIES AND LEGISLATION
(NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL)
• AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE FOLLOWS –
IT SHOWS THE NEED FOR OVERLAPPING
PROVISIONS…
35
PREVENTING SPRAWL – AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE
Source: Miller, G. T. Living in
the environment. Brooks/Cole.
36
CRITICAL CHOICE 3: INCREASE URBAN
DENSITIES at least THREE TIMES
• DENSITY CONCERNS THE NUMBER OF
DWELLING UNITS PER HECTARE
• HIGHER DENSITIES ARE THE BASIS FOR:
– HIGH LEVELS OF URBAN OPPORTUNITIES;
– GREATER SUPPORT FOR SERVICES;
– LESS MOVEMENT TO REACH THE
OPPORTUNITIES;
– MORE EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT; AND
– LESS ENERGY USE.
37
WAYS OF INCREASING DENSITY
• Increasing NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS ON
THE RESIDENTIAL LAND;
• REDUCING UNNECESSARY USE OF NONRESIDENTIAL LAND BY:
–
–
–
–
–
Planning for pedestrians;
Reducing road widths;
Using wasted space infill;
Revising wasteful standards for facilities etc;
Multi-functional use of facilities.
38
MOVE AWAY FROM THIS….
39
…TO DENSITIES
SIMILAR TO THIS
MOROCCO EXAMPLE
Source: National Geographic Magazine
40
QUALITY OF
THE DENSE
RESIDENTIAL
CONDITION –
THE URBAN
COURT-YARD,
MOROCCO
Source: Gardens of delight: the great Islamic
gardens: edited by Christa von Hantelmann.
Koln, DuMont Publishers. 2001.
41
…A COURTYARD IN SPAIN
Source: Cheneviere, A. 1997.
THE MEDITERRANEAN. VILO
42
TUNISIA, NORTH
AFRICA…
Source: Cheneviere, A. 1997.
THE MEDITERRANEAN. VILO
43
Cyprus – a modest
residential space of
high urban quality..
Source: Cheneviere, A. 1997.
THE MEDITERRANEAN. VILO
44
CHINA: COURTYARDS OF
AN AGRICULTURAL
VILLAGE
Source: Sinclair, K. et al. 1988. OVER
CHINA. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
45
REMEDIAL ACTION:
EXAMPLE OF
RESIDENTIAL INFILL
WOODSTOCK, CAPE: From
17 condemned units to redesign of 126 NEW UNITS for
ownership and 64 RENTED
ROOMS
Source:
Dewar, D. & Uytenbogaard, R.S.
1991. South African cities: a manifesto for
change. Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
46
REMEDIAL ACTION: EXAMPLE OF RECLAIMING
LAND FROM EXCESSIVE ROAD RESERVES
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an equitable city: Urban development principles for the City of Cape Town.
47
Source: Tilleray B. & Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
THIS STREET IS ABOUT
AS WIDE AS AN ACCESS
DRIVEWAY IN A KZN SCHEME
48
STREET AS AN URBAN ROOM – PAROS, GREECE
Source: PAROS ANTIPAROS Toubi’s, Athens
49
This street is part of a regional
hiking trail in Nepal
50
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
Remedial action: Growth of a ‘street’: from a single function road
space to an urban ‘room’ or public space of many functions
51
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an equitable city: Urban development principles for the City of Cape Town.
CRITICAL CHOICE 4: CREATE A WEB
OF PEDESTRIAN - PUBLIC TRANSPORT MOVEMENT
A spatial concept, based on a movement system, has
a profound influence on the urban environment
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an equitable city: Urban development principles for the City of Cape Town.
52
STRUCTURING THE CITY – POWER OF
THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM
• Increased density is an essential step towards energy efficiency
and releasing the benefits of urban life – but alone, it is not
enough.
• How the city is made and structured profoundly affects this.
• The key to this is:
– Creating a system of continuous routes to carry pedestrians
and public transport;
– Putting development along these: economic activities, social
and commercial facilities
Over time, these routes become activity corridors and life-supporting systems.
53
The existing concept of movement is
one of draining people, money
and activity to distant
elsewhere's
54
SALT RIVER – WOODSTOCK, CAPE:
MOVEMENT ROUTES ARE ACTIVITY ROUTES
Source: Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al. circa
1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of urbanism
in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
55
SALT RIVER – WOODSTOCK: Mixed uses
support movement routes and visa
versa; denser residential in
close proximity
Source: Dewar, D.,
Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al.
circa 1976. Housing A comparative
evaluation of urbanism in Cape Town.
David Philip, Cape
56
SALT RIVER – WOODSTOCK: RESIDENTIAL
DWELLINGS OFF THE ACTIVITY ROUTES
57
Source: Dewar, D., Uytenbogaardt, R.S. et al. circa 1976. Housing A comparative evaluation of urbanism in Cape Town. Dave Philip, Cape
A SYSTEM DOMINANTLY
PEDESTRIAN ORGANIZES
ACTIVITIES IN SPACE,
KATHMANDU
PHOTO:
J KIEPIEL
58
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
59
60
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an equitable city: Urban development principles for the City of Cape Town.
EXAMPLE OF
REMEDIAL
ACTION
Source: City of Cape Town
MUNICIPAL SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
draft 1999
DEVELOPMENT
OF AN ACTIVITY
ROUTE OVER TIME
61
REMEDIAL ACTION:
EXAMPLE OF
SUPPORTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN
ACTIVITY ROUTE
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city: Urban development principles for
the City of Cape Town.
62
CRITICAL CHOICE 5: REINFORCE THE MOVEMENT
SYSTEM WITH A FAMILY OF PUBLIC SPACES
Photo: Natalie Astrup
63
WHY PUBLIC SPACES ARE IMPORTANT
• Local economies happen in public places;
• For poorer people, all of life cannot be
lived in the private dwelling;
• These places house the main social
institutions of the time;
• They are the primary elements that affect
the quality of towns as experienced by
people.
64
IS THIS SUPPORTING A
VIBRANT LOCAL ECONOMY?....
65
…OR IS THIS?
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
66
MOST SQUARES ARE
NOT VERY BIG
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
67
NOT ALL ARE
INTENSELY BUSY
Source:
Tilleray B. & Turpin, R.
undiscoveredfrance Cassell
68
SQUARES ARE ON
A HUMAN SCALE
69
Source: Tilleray B. & Turpin, R. undiscoveredfrance Cassell
PERIODICALLY,
INTENSIVELY
ACTIVE
Drying grain –
Bhaktapur, Nepal
Source: GEO SPECIAL
THE HIMALAYAS
70
KATHMANDU,
NEPAL – STREET AS
PUBLIC SPACE
71
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL
THE CITY’S BACKBONE – A COLLECTION OF SPACES AND
PUBLIC FACILITIES ALONG THE MOVEMENT ROUTE
VENICE, ITALY
ISFAHAN,
IRAN
MARIANNHILL PLAN
COMMISSIONED BY
PROVINCE OF
KWAZULU-NATAL
72
Source: Dewar, D. & Uytenbogaard, R.S. 1991. South African cities: a manifesto for change. Urban Problems Research Unit,UCT.
CRITICAL CHOICE 6:
REINFORCE THE
PUBLIC SPACES
WITH SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
Source: Rudofsky, B. 1969. Streets for People. Anchor Press/Doubleday
73
What defines public spaces?
• Locate public facilities and social services
around public spaces along the movement
channels;
• Thus, the public spaces celebrate the facilities
and;
• The facilities are used to give a sense of scale,
definition and enclosure to the space.
• The following slide talks of the types of services
at the different levels of activity…
74
EXAMPLE FROM CITY OF CAPE TOWN MUNICIPAL SDF
75
SOCIAL FACILITIES
OF DIFFERENT
ORDERS
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an
equitable city: Urban development principles
for the City of Cape Town.
76
PULLING IT
TOGETHER:
MOVEMENT,
PUBLIC
SPACES
AND PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS
Source:
City of Cape Town. 2000.
Building an equitable city:
Urban development
principles for the City of
Cape Town.
77
DEVELOPMENT OF A FULLY FUNCTIONAL SQUARE
Source: City of Cape Town. 2000. Building an equitable city: Urban development principles for the City of Cape Town.
78
MARRAKECH AT NIGHT –
A FULLY FUNCTIONAL
SQUARE
79
Source: National Geographic Magazine
A NUMBER OF THESE PRINCIPLES ARE
EVIDENT IN ASSISSI, ITALY
Source: Quilici, F. 1994.
Italy from the air. Artus Books.
80
CONCLUSIONS ON
UNSUSTAINABLE CURRENT TRENDS
• Breakdown of the qualities that made
the areas desirable in the first place;
• Extensive ecological damage and reducing
sustainability of household livelihoods;
• Reduced chances for households - settlement
patterns fail to yield benefits of either urban or rural
living - local urban or rural economies struggle to
develop;
• A highly inefficient settlement pattern for provision of
utility & social services;
• Viable public transportation never really takes root;
• Often the poorest are worst off than ever before;
• Longer-term options for improvement are lost;
• Propped up by increasing use of more expensive
energy.
81
IF WE GET THIS RIGHT….
•
•
•
Opportunities, activities & experiences in the municipality will
become accessible to pedestrians and public transport users,
and benefiting all.
A viable basis will be provided for delivery of utility & social
services, and for efficient public transportation.
Clear policies on use of the land will:
– Contain impact on resources, preventing conflicts with national
resource policies;
– reduce demands on scarce capacity in development administration;
– improve confidence through clear messages to developers;
– provide a stable basis for development of rural economies; and
– enhance the unique character – the sense of place - of our
municipalities for benefit of residents and tourists alike.
•
•
A sound basis for local economies of our urban areas will be
established.
The need to deal with increasingly-scarce fossil fuels - &
therefore the need for energy efficiency & use of renewables will become manageable.
Source: 82
Quilici, F.
1994. Italy from the
air. Artus Books.
AN AWESOME RESPONSIBLITY
• ‘On behalf of our government I would therefore like to
use this important landmark in our national life to
repeat the appeal made by Nelson Mandela
12 years ago, that together “we
must…seize the time to define for
ourselves what we want to
make of our shared
destiny.”
State of the Nation Address
of the President of South Africa,
Thabo Mbeki: Joint Sitting of Parliament
3 February 2006
83
PHOTO: J KIEPIEL