Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited By: Adam Stonehill
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Earlier Explorations – Pre Colombian (before Columbus 1492) Discoveries
Islam & the Spice Trade
Malacca (Indian Ocean Trade Circuit wealthiest circuit until mid 1600s) A New Player
Europe Marco Polo, 1271 (during Pax Mongolica) Expansion becomes a state enterprise Absolutism)
monarchs had the authority & the resources. (Centralization of Government with growth of Better seaworthy ships. (Improved sails, Caravel ships, Astrolabe and Compass inventions dominate Asia and then Europe) Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” – Travels throughout Indian Ocean Circuit for glory and research NOT for wealth. When journeys become too expensive they are stopped by Ming Confucian bureaucrats and Emperor
1371-1435 How could China afford such voyages?
Why were journeys so expensive?
Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama (Portugal) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
A Map of the Known World, pre 1492 (Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism)
Motives for European Exploration
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Crusades
by-pass intermediaries in trade routes to get to Asia. (Muslim Empires) –heard of fantastic wealth of Indian Ocean 2.
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Renaissance
peoples.
curiosity about other lands and Reformation
“your type” of Christianity – Catholicism vs Protestantism) refugees & missionaries. (spread Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue (compete against other monarchs and powerful nobles) Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.(for soldiers and Conquistadors)
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Portuguese Maritime Empire
• First European “oceanic” explorers • West Africa first (forts established) • First Europeans to reach “wealthy” Indian ocean trade by Vasco da Gama • Gain “eastern” territories of Pope Alexander VI’s Treaty of Tordesillas • Main colonies are: Brazil (Sugarcane, most slaves of any colony) and East Indies (spices) • Decline with rise of Dutch and English by 1700.
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419 Created an “atmosphere” conducive to exploration
T he Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & T he Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Museum of Navigation in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire
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Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.(reaches Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama, 1498. (reaches Indian Ocean Trade Circuit) Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Indian Ocean - Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Declines by mid-1600s (too small of population and resources to continue to dominate large empire)
Spanish Maritime Empire
• Ferdinand and Isabella finish unifying Spain (Reconquista) • Create largest and wealthiest Western European Kingdom up to that point • Bankroll Christopher Columbus’ explorations with hope of finding Western route to Indian Ocean Circuit • Dominates Western Hemisphere’s resources from early 1500s to mid 1600s • Replaced by English, French and Dutch by mid 1600s
Christofo Colon [1451-1506] (Christopher Columbus) – Sails for Spain after attempting to gain funding from numerous other Princes and Kings
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado” (City of Gold) – profit making
T he First Spanish Conquests: T he Aztecs vs.
Fernando Cortez Montezuma II
T he Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
T he First Spanish Conquests: T he Incas vs.
Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
T he “Columbian Exchange”
Squash Turkey
Cocoa Peanut
Avocado Pumpkin
Pineapple TOMATO Syphilis
Peppers Tobacco
Cassava Vanilla
Sweet Potatoes Quinine
POTATO MAIZE
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
Olive Onion Grape Citrus Fruits Cattle Flu Diptheria
COFFEE BEAN Turnip Peach Pear Sheep Typhus Whooping Cough
Banana Honeybee SUGAR CANE Wheat Pigs Measles
Rice Barley Oats HORSE Smallpox Malaria
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Official European Colony!
Treasures from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
T he Slave Trade
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Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
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Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
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Between 16 c & 19 c , about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
A frican Captives T hrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
T he Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
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Encomienda
or forced labor.
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Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
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Papal agreement.
T he Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws
1542
New Colonial Rivals
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Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
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Spain in Asia
consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
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First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
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Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
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Native populations ravaged by disease.
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Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
[ “Price Revolution” ] 3.
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
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Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade