Transcript Congestion Charging and ERP Technologies r2[1].26.08.0

Technologies for Congestion
Charging and Electronic Road
Pricing.
Andrew Pickford
Transport Technology Consultants Ltd.
Cambridge, UK
28 August 2008
The Challenges of Congestion Pricing in Mega Cities of Indonesia
Manhattan Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Agenda
> 1. Why Charge for Road Use?
> 2. Technology Options for Charging
> Charging
> Enforcement
> Vehicle Detection & Classification
> 3. International Examples
> Electronic Tolling
> Congestion Charging
> Emissions-related Charging
> 5. Summary
Why charge for Road Use?
Why charge for road use?
> Policy objectives:
> To finance infrastructure: Electronic Toll Collection
> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging
> To contribute to roads maintenance: Truck Tolling
> To encourage sharing: High Occupancy & Toll Lanes (HOT)
> To introduce usage-based taxation: National Road Pricing
> To commercialise road management: Shadow tolls
and
> To manage demand and rebalance across modes as part of an
integrated transport strategy: Congestion Charging
Why charge for road use?
> To manage demand: Congestion Charging
> To modify behaviour
> To encourage modal shift
> To encourage varying time of trip
> To encourage sharing
> NOT to encourage a change in destination
> NOT to “price people of the roads”
> To fund complementary measures
> Attractive alternatives to driving
> Improved bus services
> Traveller information systems
Why charge for road use?
> To reduce local emissions: Emissions-related charging
> To reduce emissions of PM10 and NOx
> Gains in life expectancy
> Reduction in premature deaths
> Reduction in hospital admissions
> Reduction in respiratory problems
> By introducing emissions-based charges
> On road usage (local)
> Alongside: initial registration/purchase tax (national)
> Alongside: fuel taxation (national)
Technology Options for Charging
Enablers of charging?
> Technologies
> Interoperable charging systems
> Effective enforcement: evidence capture, penalties/fines
> Vehicle detection & classification
> But also
> Public and political acceptability
> Accurate vehicle / owner databases
> Legislation:
> Acceptable evidence
> Charging on existing roads
> Variable charges
> Easy means to pay:
> Cash or electronic transfer
> Banks, retailers, internet, mobile phone
Enablers of charging?
> Technology options
> Charging
> Tag systems (DSRC) for point detection
> Time, location and distance (GPS / GNSS / Cellular)
> Cameras that can read license plates (ANPR / ALPR)
> Enforcement:
> Barriers
> Open road: Image capture
> Mobile: urban use
> Portable: DSRC
> Vehicle detection & classification
> Plaza-based: laser based
> Open road
What choice do we have?
> The options are:
> 1. Business as usual – congestion keeps growing
> 2. Build and widen roads without pricing reforms –
temporarily postpone impact of congestion
> 3. Employ pricing and apply restraint
> 4. Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and
across modes to improve transportation efficiency
Source: after Stephen Glaister
> Use private finance where necessary to build and/or operate
infrastructure and related services
> Break the link between economic growth and traffic
Technology Options for Charging
Charging: Technology Options - DSRC
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Electronic Toll Collection – DSRC tag with smart card reader
(c) 2006 Q-Free AS
Electronic Toll Collection
Ålesund-Giske Bridge/Tunnel – the world’s first ETC scheme
Urban congestion charging (Sweden)
(c) 2006 ITS (UK)
Charge point (DSRC, vehicle detection and camera enforcement)
Urban Congestion Charging (London)
> Trials of DSRC/ANPR hybrid charge points
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Electronic Toll Collection
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Dartford River Crossing, UK
Electronic Toll
Collection (Spain)
Automatic Toll Lane, barrier-controlled
Charging: Technology Options - GNSS
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)
(c) 2006 Grundig, Toll Collect GmbH and Efkon Mobility AG
GNSS On Board Unit, DIN format (Grundig)
Truck tolling – On Board Unit (OBU)
(c) 2006 Siemens AG
GNSS On Board Unit, windscreen mount (Siemens)
Charging: Technology Options – image capture / ANPR
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Urban Congestion Charging (London)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Camera Site (London)
Technology Options for Enforcement
Enforcement
(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AG
Evidential Record (complete)
Vehicle Detection and Classification: MLFF
(c) 2006 Kapsch TrafficCom AB
Stereoscoping Imaging: Multi-lane Free Flow
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Enforcement
Enforcement
(c) 2006 Ian Catling Consultancy
Evidential Record (complete)
Enforcement
(c) 2006 ASFINAG
Vehicle-based Enforcement (Austria)
Enforcement
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Fixed Vehicle-based Enforcement
Enforcement
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Mobile enforcement (London)
Enforcement
(c) 2006 Q-Free AS
Hand-held DSRC Reader
Technology Options for Vehicle
Detection & Classification
Vehicle Detection and Classification
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
Matching Vehicle Detection and Charging
Vehicle Detection and Classification
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
Vehicle Profiling: Track, speed and axle counting
Vehicle Detection and Classification
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Light Curtain (width, axle count and separation)
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
Vehicle Detection and Classification
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer
Vehicle Detection and Classification
(c) 2006 Tecsidel
Vehicle Profiling: SUV with Trailer
International Examples
Charging schemes in Europe
> Tolls
> Belgium, Croatia, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Turkey, UK, etc.
> Shadow tolls
> Portugal, UK
> Vignettes / eurovignette
> Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland
> Planned: Netherlands, Sweden, Slovakia
> Charges and taxes
> London (2), Stockholm, Milan
> Access control: Italian cities, Cambridge
> Discussed: Dublin, UK (4-6), Gothenburg, Helsinki, Copenhagen,
> National schemes: Netherlands and Sweden
London: Congestion Charging
> Current extent of zone (June 2008)
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
London: Congestion Charging
> Traffic entering zone (07.00 to 18.30) (-36% cars / minicabs)
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
London: Congestion Charging
> Quantity of bus passengers +18% (to Feb 2004) + 12% (to Feb 2005)
Source TfL Impacts Monitoring 5th Annual Report, July 2007
London: Congestion Charging
> Traffic entering 16% lower than 2002
> Congestion varied between 17%
lower and no reduction
> Congestion increase from 2007 to
2008 through reduction in capacity:
> Bus lane additions
> Safety improvements
> Streetworks
> Net revenues of £137m* ($253m) p.a.
> No measurable impact on local
economy
> NOx -8%, PM10 -6% and CO2 -16%
(2007)
*2,344,900m Rupiah
Low Emission Zone (London)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Projected NO2 concentrations in 2008
London: Low Emission Zone
> Status at end 2006 (pre-launch)
> Air pollution is a serious problem in London
> 1,000 premature deaths per year
> 1,000 hospital admissions per year
> Affects most vulnerable parts of society
> Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and want
to see it improved
> Particular problems with emissions of particulates (PM10) and
Nitrous Oxides (NOx)
> Worse in central London and Heathrow
> Road traffic is a major source of emissions
London: Low Emission Zone
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Low Emission Zone (LEZ): Geographic coverage
London: Low Emission Zone
> Options available
> Owning a compliant (Euro IV) vehicle
> Fitting a particulate reduction device
> Fitting a new compliant engine
> Buying a new or compliant pre-owned vehicle
> Reorganising fleet so that only compliant vehicles travel in zone
> Paying a £200 (US$400 daily charge) by internet, phone or post
> Penalty is £1000 (US$2000)
> Exemptions are small number of vehicles
London: Low Emission Zone
Level of compliance
City Access Control (Cambridge)
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
City Access Control: Rising Bollards (Cambridge)
So what choice do we have?
> Option 4: Employ pricing with additional capacity on roads and
across modes, including buses, to improve transportation
efficiency
> It is achievable:
> Technology and back office services are available
internationally
> Many international examples of integrated transport
scheme that employ pricing to fund modal re-balancing
> Can help reduce vehicle-related emissions
> Would allow Jakarta to enhance its international
competitiveness and its economic position role in SE Asia
(c) 2006 University of Newcastle, UK
Not all technologies are easy to understand...
> Written whilst stuck in traffic:
Road User Charging &
Electronic Toll Collection
Andrew T.W. Pickford
Transport Technology Consultants Ltd.
Prof. Philip T. Blythe
University of Newcastle
Hardcover, 370 pp. 2006
ISBN: 1-58053-858-4
Order Book No. PK998589
(c) 2006 Transport Technology Consultants
Thank you
Andrew Pickford
Transport Technology Consultants Ltd
Cambridge, UK
+44 7710 199314
[email protected]
www.iroad.co.uk