Transcript Renewable Energy in Africa
Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD
Overview
• Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa • AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa • How the penetration of RETs could be improved
Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa
Energy Supply in Africa
• Africa produces less than 10% of the world’s energy supply
Type
Solar/wind/tide Geothermal Nuclear Hydro Petroleum Products Gas Coal Biomass *
Amount (Mtoe)
0.058
0.680
3.300
7.300
128.560
129.890
139.010
272.100
Percentage
Crude Oil 418.780
Total 1,099.678
* Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and waste Source: IEA, 2005 0.01
0.06
0.30
0.66
11.69
11.81
12.64
24.74
38.08
100.00
Energy Consumption in Africa
Petroleum Products 25% Electricity 8% Coal 4% Gas 4% Biomass 59% * Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and waste Source: IEA, 2005
• • •
African Energy Sector – 3 distinct regions
North Africa – oil and gas sub-region South Africa – coal sub-region Sub-Saharan Africa – biomass region
Energy Consumption - North Africa
Gas 18% Coal 1% Biomass 4%
Energy consumption - Sub-Saharan Africa (2001)
Electricity 3% Gas 1% Coal 0% Petroleum 15% Biomass 81% Electricity 15% Petroleum 62% Biomass 16% Coal 27% Gas 2% Coal-based Electricity 26% Petroleum 29%
Energy Consumption - South Africa (2001)
Population With No Electricity (Millions) A few successes (Ghana, Mauritius, S. Africa, Zimbabwe)
Status of Renewables in Africa
• Africa is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources Solar Wind Biomass Geothermal Hydro (Large) 5-6 kWh/m 2 (excellent in North Africa, Sahel, Horn and Southern Africa) - 3-5 m/s (over 9 m/s in North, South, West and Horn) - 10 - 20,000 MW in North Africa Extensive 9,000 MW Massive, approx. 7% harnessed Hydro (Small) Extensive
AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa
Emphasis on Conventional Energy Options
• Higher proportion of funding allocated to conventional energy sector - large-scale hydro and petroleum • Ethiopia: Virtually entire energy budget allocated to conventional large scale investments • Smaller scale renewables largely left out (even dominant biomass is ignored) • Results – contributes to low levels of access to modern energy which, in turn, contribute to increased poverty
Energy Sector Capital Budget – Ethiopia (1990-2000) % and Million Birr
Sub sector share of capital
100% 80% 60% 40%
budget
20% 0% Traditional and alternative Petroleum Electricity 1990 14.2
21.8
314.0
1991 5.9
19.8
182.0
1992 4.0
187.0
1993 4.1
20.1
240.0
1994 10.5
16.9
267.0
1996 0.7
5.5
145.0
1997 0.5
36.1
861.0
1998 0.5
81.0
539.0
1999 2000 0.4
93.2
1,209.
0.5
94.3
886.0
Energy Pyramid Need for Better Balance
Why Promote Renewables in Africa? Implications for the Poor
• Significant energy resource potential exists • Conventional energy supply unreliable and not reaching the poor • Enhance competitiveness of agro-industries • Job creation potential
Estimated Job Creation Potential
Energy Option
Geothermal
Construction, manufacturing and installation (Employees/MW)
4.00
Operation and maintenance (Employees/MW)
1.70
Total Employment (Employees/MW)
5.70
Wind Natural gas Coal 2.51
1.00
0.27
0.27
0.10
0.74
2.78
1.10
1.01
40%
Energy as % of Cost of Production
30% 20% 10% 0%
Sri Lanka (low - 1998) Eastern Africa (low - 2005) Sri Lanka (High - 1998) Eastern Africa (high - 2005)
How Can Penetration of Renewable Energy in Africa be Improved?
How Can Penetration of RE be Improved?
• Rationale for promoting renewables not well argued – Climate change and environmental concerns not applicable in Africa • Solid rationale for promoting renewables : – Enhancing modern energy access to the poor – Availability of plentiful and cost-competitive renewables (hydro & geothermal) – Ability to provide cost-competitive energy services to remote rural settlements – Significant job and enterprise creation potential • Increased attention towards non-electrical RETs
Non-electrical Options for Poverty Alleviation
Low cost but more efficient biomass-based combustion Improved cookstoves (household and institutional) Efficient charcoal kilns, brick making kilns fish smokers, tea dryers and wood dryers Pico and micro hydro for shaft power Can be used to process agricultural produce, increase its value and pump water for irrigation Low cost efficient tools and equipment using human or animal energy Increase the agricultural productivity of the rural poor E.g Treadle pumps for small-scale irrigation
Non-electrical Options
Solar dryers Can lower post-harvest losses and enable the rural farmers market their produce when prices are higher Solar water pasteurizers Provide clean potable water and reduce water borne diseases, which translates to increased availability of labor and thus increases agricultural output Solar water heaters Significant reduction in electricity load for heating water, and significant potential for local manufacture and assembly
Case Study: Treadle Irrigation Pump
• Simple, low-cost pumping technologies for irrigation and water supply • Use in irrigation increases incomes of rural farmers by over ten-fold • 45,000 pumps in use by poor farmers in Kenya and Tanzania • 29,000 new waged jobs created • 70% of pumps managed by women • 4 manufacturers in the region, with over 200 retailers selling pumps in Kenya, Tanzania and Mali
Case Study: Windpump for Water Supply in Remote Rural Areas
Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko
• One of the most successful stove projects in Africa • Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the outside) • In use in about 100% of urban households in Kenya (16% of rural homes) –
2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone (cumulative production now over 15 million)
•
Fully self-sustaining
using locally produced materials and skills – generated jobs & new enterprises • Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50%
Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko
• KCJ in use in
Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi & Senegal
• Being introduced in
Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ghana and Madagascar
Thank You
Contacts
AFREPREN/FWD Elgeyo Marakwet Close, Kilimani P. O. Box 30979, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya
Tel:
+254 20 3866032/3871467
Fax:
+254 20 3861464/3876470/3740524
E-mail:
Website:
www.afrepren.org