Transcript Slide 1

Integrated Approaches to
Sustainable Development Practice
Energy, Technology & Engineering
If we do not design ways to
live within the means of one
planet, sustainability will
remain elusive.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/
Sustainable Development Goals:
MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality
MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Energy, Technology & Engineering
should make it possible
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
LI (Life Index) =
2
EI (Education Index) =
3
GDPI (GDP Index) =
Adult Literacy
2 School Enrollment
+
100
3
100
ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
HDI =
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
LI
3
+
EI
3
+ GDPI
3
Ecological Footprint (EF)
• EF measures how much land and water area
a human population requires to produce the
resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,
using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.
Sustainable global EF per capita
= Total Biocapacity per capita
= 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
HDI > 0.8
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
High HDI (>0.8) is
accompanied by
unsustainable levels of
Ecological Footprint.
8
6
4
2
EF < 2 gha
per capita
0
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
EF2005 (gha per capita)
10
8
poor
6
medium
4
OK
2
good
0
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
0.2
0.4
0.6
HDI2005
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
How can we all live well and live within
the means of one planet?
The challenge ahead of us (technologists,
may be) is to assist development
to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining a
healthy Ecological Footprint per capita
HDI =
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
LI
3
+
EI
3
+ GDPI
3
Energy Options
Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
Hydropower
Nuclear energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Geothermal energy
Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy
Biomass energy
Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy
Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Wind Energy
3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota
5 turbines
600 kW power
produced per
turbine
Total cost was
Rs. 280 million
in 2000s
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Wind Energy
Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya
- produces 250 W at 8 m/s wind speed
- cost was Rs. 60,000/=
- lifetime is 20 years
- 12 m tall
- powers compact fluorescent light
bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.
- at peak wind times there is excess
power that can be used to charge
batteries.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic
Power for
Rural Homes
In Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Solar Energy - Thermal
Wind and sunlight are used for
drying instead of fuel or electricity.
The 'right to dry' is specifically
protected by the Florida legislation
and similar solar rights legislation has
been passed in Utah and Hawaii.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005
(in percentage)
How would development affect the percentages?
Petroleum
43.3%
Biomass
48%
Hydro
8.6%
Non-conventional
<0.1%
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005
(in percentage)
How would coal power affect the percentages?
Petroleum
43.3%
Renewable Energy
(Biomass, Hydro, Wind & Solar)
56.7%
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe)
Petroleum
Biomass
Hydro
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming
and Climate change
35000
30000
25000
Global CO2 emissions from the burning
Total
emissions
of fossil
fuels
& the manufacture of
cement (in 109 kg CO2)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1750
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20 Oct 2009
1800
1850
1900
Year
1950
2000
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html
Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming
and Climate change
400
375
CO2 concentration in the
atmosphere (in ppmv)
350
325
300
275
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Year
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/siple2.013 and
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.html
Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil
fields, such as Cantarell oil field (largest) in Mexico
Fossil Fuel
Type
Reserves–to-production (R/P)
ratio gives the number of years
the remaining reserves (most
optimistic estimates) would last
if production were to continue at
the 2007 level
Oil
41.6 years
Natural Gas
60.3 years
Coal
133 years
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Law of Nature: When heat is converted into work in a
machine, part of the heat energy must be wasted
% Energy Wasted
% Energy Used
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Diesel
Engine
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Gas
Turbine
Steam
Turbine
Combined
Nuclear
Powerplant Powerplant
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel
7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hours
Solar Panel Warrantee: 10 years
Lantern Warrantee: 1 year
Solar lantern
About Rs 2500/=
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Inorganic Solar Cells
2nd Generation
Thin-film
Bulk
Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high
rd Generation
3
Silicon
energy process, and it takes over two years
for a
Materialsas much energy as was
conventional solar cell to generate
Germanium used
Silicon
to make the silicon
CISit contains.
Amorphous
Silicon
CIGS (charcoal) and
Silicon is produced by reacting carbon
silica
Mono-crystalline
at a temperature around 1700 deg C.
CdTe
Poly-crystalline
And,
1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emittedGaAs
for each tonne
Nonocrystalline
of silicon
(about 98% pure) produced.
Silicon
Ribbon
Light
R. Shanthini
absorbing dyes
20 Oct 2009
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1400
Upper range
Lower range
1200
1000
1017
790
800
575
600
362
400
200
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
IAEA2000
Coal
Gas
Hydro
Solar PV
Wind
Nuclear
Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1400
1306
Upper range
Lower range
1200
966
1000
800
688
600
439
400
280
236
200
4
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
IAEA2000
Coal
Gas
Hydro
100
Solar PV
48 10
21 9
Wind
Nuclear
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005
(in percentage)
How dependent is development on electricity?
Petroleum
33.8%
Electricity
9.7%
Biomass
56.5%
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
HDI > 0.8
Electricity Consumption
per capita 2004 (kW-hrs)
35,000
High per capita
electricity consumption
is required to reach
super high HDI (>0.9).
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
HDI2005
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
(tonnes of C equivalent)
CO2 Emissions per capita 2004
HDI > 0.8
10
Unsustainable amount of
per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach
super high HDI (> 0.9)
9
8
7
6
5
4
Sustainable
limit
3
2
1
0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
HDI2005
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005
(in percentage)
Could we reduce the energy consumption in any sector?
Industry
26.3%
Household,
Commercial
and Others
48.1%
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Transport
25.4%
Agriculture
<0.1%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Gigatonnes CO2-equivalent GHGs emissions per year
LDV means
Light Duty Vehicles
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Global transport greenhouse gas emissions
by transport type (WBCSD, 2004)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which
pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
- BRT system is different from conventional bus service.
- BRT run in dedicated lanes.
- BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped
at red lights.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
- Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic
or parking lanes.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which
pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
BRT board
passengers through
all doors after
paying fares at
station platforms.
BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people
daily, which is 70% of the cities population.
GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the
national average during 1980 to 1996.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Paris created an
individualized mass transit
system called Vélib
(“Freedom Bikes”).
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
$120 million
William Kamkwamba of Malawi
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office block) at central
Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on local termite mounds and is
R. Shanthini
ventilated
and cooled entirely by natural means.
20 Oct 2009
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Super-grip gecko tape
modelled after
gecko’s feet
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived
molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with
concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and
the toxic byproducts are horrible.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Spider makes equally strong and
much tougher fiber at body
temperature, without high
pressures, heat, or corrosive
acids. If we could act like the
spider, we could take a soluble,
renewable raw material and make
a super-strong water-insoluble
fiber with negligible energy inputs
and no toxic outputs.
Janine Benyus, 1997
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903,
and by 1914, we were dropping bombs
from the sky.
Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change
in technology that will bring us to the
biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a
humbling that allows us to be attentive to
nature's lessons.
- Janine Benyus, 1997
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Power required to drive an electric car:
Heat energy in coal (or oil) to
Generation of steam to
Mechanical power of the turbine to
Generation of AC electricity to
Transmission of AC electricity to
DC electricity in battery to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Power required to drive a IC engine car:
Heat energy in oil to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat
energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the
car?
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
But to answer your question Shanthini...
I believe Electric Vehicles would be
more efficient in the long run and
definitely environmentally friendly,
if the technology is explored
and further researched.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
A way of life
Gliricidia Sepium
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Additional Material
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Comparing Sri Lanka with USA
Sri Lanka
USA
HDI2005
0.743
0.951
EF2005 per capita
1 gha
9.4 gha
CO2 emissions per
0.16
capita in 2004
tonnes of C
Electricity consumption
420
per capita in 2004
kW-hr
GDP per capita
3,896
in 2006
PPP US $
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
5.62
tonnes of C
14,240
kW-hr
43,968
PPP US$
For Sri Lanka
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground Footprint
Biocapacity
(gha per capita)
Forest Footprint
EF2005 (gha
per capita)
Grazing Footprint
Cropland Footprint
Total
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
For USA
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground Footprint
Biocapacity
(gha per capita)
Forest Footprint
EF2005 (gha
per capita)
Grazing Footprint
Cropland Footprint
Total
0
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
2
4
6
8
10
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Renewable energy
are flows of energy that are regenerative or
virtually inexhaustible.
- Dr. Raymond Wright
Sustainable energy
is energy which is replenishable within a
human lifetime and causes no long-term
damages to the environment.
Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Hydroelectric power
What are the problems with hydroelectric power?
barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from
migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of
local communities
the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric
tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually
hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with
sediment and cost billions to dredge
failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences
loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural
habitats and existing settlements
The future generations must pay for destroying dams
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Is it a sustainable form of energy?
Hydroelectric power
The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula
in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early
1900s and set to be removed in 2012.
Removal of dam
will restore
the fish habitats,
will create an
additional
715 acres of
terrestrial
vegetation, and
improve elk
habitats.
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
estimated cost
$308 million ± 15%
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
LI2006
EI2006
GDPI2006
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
1
0.9
0.8
HDI2006
HDI > 0.8 gives high HD
0.7
0.6
0.5
Is there a cost for keep on
increasing GDP per capita
which gives only a
marginal increase in HDI?
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2006
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/
Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005
(in kilotonne oil equivalent)
Petroleum
4,172.25
Biomass
4,626.13
Hydro
828.18
Non-conventional
3.91
R. Shanthini
20 Oct 2009
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/