Transcript Foreign/ Military Policy

Foreign/ Military
Policy
Zoe Pittman, Jennifer Summers, Jose Carrasquel, Ian Horton
AP Government and Politics
Ms. Stedman
15 February 2011
What is Foreign Policy?
• Foreign Policy is the diplomatic policies,
procedures, and practices of a country for
dealing with nations outside its borders.
• There are 3 types of foreign policies:
• Crisis policy- deals with emergency threats to
our national interests or values, and they
usually come up as a surprise. Example:
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait provoked the United
States like the terrorist attacks on New York
and Washington in 2001.
• Strategic Policy- lays out the basic U.S
stance toward another country or a particular
problem. Example: The plan for the Soviets
during the Cold War was to prevent the
spread of communism to other countries.
• Structural defense policy- focuses largely on
the policies and programs that deal with
defense spending and military bases.
Example: buying new aircraft or deciding
what military bases to consolidate or close
down.
• In majoritarian politics, the president and his
advisors have the most power, and the
policy enacted has much to do with their
skills and beliefs
• In interest group and client politics,
Congress is the dominant power
• Even though the U.S Secretary of State, now
Hillary Clinton, is the official foreign minister
and deals with state-to-state diplomacy,
Congress and President also have powers
that deals with foreign affairs and policy
making
• Congress has the power to:
• Regulate Commerce among foreign nations
and with Indian tribes.
• Declare War, Issue letters of marque and
reprisal, and make rules for captures on land
and water. Raise and support armies, provide
and maintain a navy, and regulate land and
naval forces.
• Define and punish piracies and felonies on
high seas and offenses against law of
nations.
• President has the power to:
• Negotiate treaties
• Act as Commander and chief of the army and
navy.
• Appoints ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls
• Receive ambassadors and other public
ministers.
• Cases:
• Curtiss-Wright Export Corp v. United States
(1936): American Foreign policy is vested
entirely in the federal government where the
president has plenary power and not
dependent upon congressional delegation.
• Korematsu v. United States (1944): Sending
Japanese Americans to relocation centers
during World War II was based on an
acceptable military justification. Based on
Executive order 9066.
• Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
(1952): The president may not seize factories
during wartime without explicit congressional
authority even when they are threatened by a
strike.
Key Organizations
• CATO Institute:
• founded in 1977
• it is a think tank (public policy research
organization) that is dedicated to the
principles or individual liberty, limited
government , free markets, and most
importantly peace.
• this institute accepts no funding from the
government only from tax-deductible from
individuals, foundations, corporations, and the
sale of books and publications
• The Heritage Foundation:
• founded in 1973
• their objectives is to protect nations attack on
our nation by developing a missile defense
system, to make sure that America has the
best military system with the proper
equipment and training, and to protect our
homeland to get it back to where it was
before the September 11 attack
• The CIA:
• The Central Intelligence Agency was created
in 1947. It was due to the singing of the
National Security Act by President Harry
Truman. It also created the DCI, the Director
of Central Intelligence, to assist the President
in matters related to National Security.
• Their Mission “The Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) is an independent US
Government agency responsible for providing
national security intelligence to senior US
policymakers.”
International
Organizations...
• NATO:
• Stands for National Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• It is an organization that helps solve conflicts
between other nations peacefully. If the
diplomatic efforts fail, meaning the means of
the government fails, then they come in to
take over the crisis.
• Their principle is “An attack against one or
several members is an attack against all.”
• Members include: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United
Kingdom, and of course the United States.
• NATO after 9/11:
• After 9/11, NATO was forced to implement
their principle an attack on one is an attack on
all.
• In 2003 NATO takes command of the
International Security Assistance Force in
Afghanistan. ISAF is a program in
Afghanistan to help prevent terrorists, to help
provide security, and to contribute to a better
future for the people.
• United Nations:
• 50 Countries and states including United
States
• organizations or individuals are not allowed to
join.
• United Nations has many administrative
bodies
• And all countries are expected to provide
financial support
• United Nation’s Goals:
• To maintain peace through collective
security -every member states must aid
other member states if they are attacked by
the 3rd party.
• To promote friendly relations among
Nations and International Cooperation in
solving problems.
• To resolve International disputes
peacefully.
• To encourage respect of human rights and
freedom.
• Financial obligations to NATO and the United
Nations:
• NATO:
• all members are to support NATO in three
common budgets Military, Civil, and
Security. Recently the U.S has been
criticized on how they are not spending
enough on military and still want to call
upon the military alliance.
• United Nations:
• all members are required to pay “dues”.
However, they are also complaining that
members are not paying or supporting the
United Nations.
What is our role in nation
building?
• The U.S tries to use Democracy to help military
intervention abroad.
• Nation building is the process of establishing
civic order and governmental functions in
countries that are emerging from a period of war
or other kind of disorder.
• There are some key steps to nation building:
• Security: guaranteeing a safe environment for
the citizens.
• Political Reform: building a civil society
developing strong local and regional
governments and ensuring freedom of the
press and other civil rights.
• Economic Reconstruction: restoring economic
infrastructure by establishing lines of credit for
business, restarting industry, and creating
jobs.
• Strengthening legal institutions: confirming a
functional and independent judiciary.
• Examples:
• Following the Al Qaeda acts against the
United States in 2001. Currently the United
Nations and NATO are keeping order in
Kabul. About 10,000 American troops search
for Al Qaeda fighters in all areas of the
country.
• In the 1990’s President Clinton ordered
American military forces to work with United
Nations and NATO to end genocide in the
Balkans. After a few casulaties American
troops and other NATO troops restored
peace. However a few NATO troops still
remain.
Video: http://www.learner.org/courses/democracyinamerica/dia_15/dia_15_video.html?pop=yes&pid=1925#
Changes Over Time
• America’s foreign policy has changed over time
in its national interest.After the Revolutionary
War, Americas national interest was to maintain
its independence from other European
countries. Throughout the 19th century,
American focused making a nation that
“spanned the continent” and that avoided foreign
entanglements. After World War I, a wave of
isolationist feeling swept the country. Because
of World War II, the United States its foreign
policy dramatically.
• The U.S. took the lead in United Nations and
invested billions of dollars through the Marshall
plan to help strengthen war-devastated
European governments. Therefore, American
created a system of Alliances including the
National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
American foreign policy has favored the self
determination of nations for independence
through time. America favors and supports
nations that practice democracy.
Budget Costs
•
Majoritarian- those decisions and non decisions that are perceived to
confer widely distributed benefits and impose widely distributed costs
•
•
Interest Group- has to do with tariff decisions for specific groups by
conferring certain benefits on some and imposing costs on others
•
•
Example: decisions to go to war, establishment of military
alliances,
Example: is often used to prevent Americans from buying foreign
goods by raising the price of those goods with tariffs
Client- deals with providing aid to either business abroad or foreign
countries without imposing costs on equally distinct groups in society
•
Example: the U.S policy towards Israel
Defense Budget
• United States spends at the most 4% of our
national wealth on defense spending. We spend
at least 20% of our national wealth on social
security.
• Defense Budget for 2011
• President Barrack Obama has finalized his
defense budget plan for 2011 and it has came
out to be $708 billion dollars. The budget
includes: $549 billion to fund base defense
programs and $159 billion to support
operations overseas primarily in Afghanistan
and Iraq. This is a $18 billion increase since
2010.
Foreign Aid
• Foreign Aid is an important component of the
United States Department’s international affairs.
In terms of the dollar the U.S is the largest
international aid donor in the world.
Bibliography
•
Foreign Policy Association, (n.d.). Retrieved n.d., from http://www .fpa.org/j obs_contac
t2423/jobs _contact.h tm
•
Annenberg Foundation, (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 15, 2011, from http://www .learner.o rg/courses
/democracy inamerica/ dia_15/dia _15_video. html
•
CATO, (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 15, 2011, from http://www .cato.org/
•
NATO, (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 15, 2011, from http://www .nato.int/ cps/en/SID -7C909406BC9C55DC/n atolive/wh at_is_nato .htm
•
United Nations, (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 15, 2011, from http://www .un.org/en /aboutun/i ndex.shtml
•
The Heritage Foundation, (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 15, 2011, from http://www.heritage.org/
•
Wilson, James. (2006). American Government. (Vol. 10): Houghton Milfton.
•
Walling, Donovan. (2008). We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution. (D. Hargrove, Ed.)
Center for Civic Education.