Migraine Management : Why 5HT's
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Transcript Migraine Management : Why 5HT's
I’ve got a
headach
e
???
Headache
David Kernick
Exeter Headache Clinic
Migraine impact
Headache in top 10 of WHO disability index.
20% population – headache impacts on their quality
of life (adults and children)
£3 billion per year in economic terms
When people come to see you
what do they think they have?
When people come to see you
what do they think they have?
Need glasses
Blood pressure
Brain tumour
What do patients have when
they present to GP with
headache?
What do patients have when
they present to GP with
headache? Landmark Study
85% migraine
10% Tension type headache
5% secondary headache
<1% other types of headache
40
60
80
100
(Kernick 2008)
0
20
Percentage
What do GPs think when patients present with
headache?
20
40
60
Age
80
Cluster
Migraine
Tension
Secondary
Undifferentiated
100
Headache consultations in
primary care
Consultation rates are low. 50% of migraine
sufferers have never seen a doctor
10% are under continuing care
One third of headaches will be incorrectly
diagnosed.
What is happening in primary
care?
Less than 20% will receive Triptan
Walling 2006
10% of those who would benefit from
prevention receive it
Rahimtoola 2005
Headache referral patterns
9% GP presentations are referred to
secondary care (25% children)
(Loughey)
20 - 30% of neurology referrals are for
headache
(Hopkins)
What do patients have when
they present to A and E with
headache? Valade 2000
n – 9480
Average age 37
250 admitted (3%)
Migraine
TTH
Cluster
Trauma
Trig Neuralgia
Sinusitis
Vascular disorders
Low Pressure
Meningitis
Tumour
Other Misc
55%
25%
7%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.2%
1.2%
0.35%
0.17%
< 5%
Case 1
35 year old male
Three week history
Sharp, severe pain bilaterally and posteriorly
lasting 10 seconds repetitively.
One question?
Two examinations?
Would you investigate?
Classifying headache
Where does the pain come from?
Intra – cranial (dural pain fibres)
Tension – raised intracranial pressure
Compression – tumour
Inflammation - migraine,meningitis,blood
Where does the pain come from?
Extra - cranial
Arteritis
Neuralgia
Muscle tension
Facial structures
IHS Headache classification
Primary
Migraine
Tension type
Autonomic cephalalgias
(cluster)
Secondary
Traumatic
Vascular
Non-vascular (SOL)
Substance induced
Infection
Disturbed homoestasis
Facial structures
Activation anywhere
in the system
can lead to output in
any other part
of the system and
vici versa
Secondary Headaches
AURA
Thalamus +
Mid Brain structures
Medication
overuse
headache
Tension type
headache
Hypothalamus
CLUSTER
CERVICAL
NUCLEI
MIGRAINE
CENTRE
Headache model
Primary
Headaches
Case 1
35 year old male
Three week history
Sharp, severe pain bilaterally and posteriorly
lasting 10 seconds repetitively.
One question?
Two examinations?
Would you investigate?
Two examinations
Fundoscopy
BP
Giles Elrington neurological examination
Case 1
35 year old male
Three week history
Sharp, severe pain bilaterally and posteriorly
lasting 10 seconds repetitively.
One question?
Two examinations?
Would you investigate?
Headache Pathway
EXCLUDE A SECONDARY HEADACHE
Do something now
Do something soon
DIAGNOSE A PRIMARY HEADACHE
Exclude medication overuse and manage the
primary headache
Case 2
You are called out to a 21 year old female
who has had severe sudden onset
headache. She is lying in a darkened room
vomiting and is unable to move.
What is the differential diagnosis?
Sub Arachnoid - thunderclap headache
Thunderclap headache - RVS
lasts 1-3 mths.
Primary or secondary
Normal CT, LP. Needs CT angio.
Can get complications
Meningitis
Malignant hypertension
Migraine - The emergency call
out
Injectable sumatriptan
I.M. Diclofenac and anti-emetic
Avoid opiates
Sort out the migraine
Case 3
55 year old male.
New headache. L temporal. Fluctuating
in intensity. Featureless. Examination
normal.
What would you do?
Temporal arteritis
•Can be bilateral
•Systemically unwell
•Tender artery with allodynia
•CRP better than ESR
•Problem with skip lesions
CASE 4
•26 year old pole dancer
•Headache with intercourse
•What questions would you ask her?
•Any investigations?
•Treatment?
Sex headache
Pre orgasmic or orgasmic (10% SAH)
Primary or secondary (vascular, tumour,
Arnold Chiari)
Low threshold for investigation
Treatment
Technique
B blocker
Indometacin
Avoid recreational drugs
Non specific headache
Tinnitus
Two examinations
What is most likely diagnosis?
Low Pressure Headache
Case 5
A 34 year old man presents with pain
around his left eye that he describes like a
“red hot poker”. He has had a number of
attacks over the last few weeks.
With this presentation, what are the key
questions you need to ask him to establish
a diagnosis?
What investigation will you do?
Cluster - Autonomic
Cephalopathy
High impact ++
Peri-orbital clusters 15mins - 3 hours
Cluster attacks and periods
Unilateral autonomic features
Acute or chronic
Cluster treatment
Injectable Sumatriptan
Nasal Zolmitriptan
Short term steroids
Oxygen 100%
Verapamil
CASE 6
45 year old female
Dull continuous bilateral occipital pain
Featureless
Worried as friend had brain tumour and wants
a scan
Three questions?
Do you investigate?
Have you ever had migraine?
Do you have problems with your neck?
What pain killers are you taking?
To scan or not to scan?
Medication overuse headache
Headache intensity
Withdrawal of all analgesia
Increased frequency of headache,
associated with increased frequency
of analgesia use.
Daily headache
with spikes of more
severe pain
Migraine attacks
Frequent ‘daily’ headaches
Return of episodic
headache
Primary Tumours
Meningioma 20%
- 10 yr survival 80%
Glioma 70%
- 5yr survival 20%
Misc. 10%
- Variable
Headache and tumour
Headache prevalence with tumour
70%+
Headache at presentation
50%
Headache alone at presentation
10%
(Iverson 1987)
Risk of brain tumour with headache
presenting to primary care (Kernick 2008)
Risk %
Undifferentiated
headache
Primary headache
Under 50
0.09%
0.03%
Over 50
0.28%
0.09%
We need to scan when the
advantages out way the
disadvantages
Reassurance,
Diagnosis/treatment
Cost, exposure
incidental pathology
(4-10%)
Luftwaffe pilots (n-2370)
Weber 2006
93% normal (25% variations of norm)
6.7% abnormalities
56 cysts; 13 vascular abnormalities;4
adenomas; 4 tumours
In reality the inputs are complex
Limited poor quality evidence base
Expert opinion
Medico-legal case law
Patient-doctor characteristics and
approach to uncertainty
Organisational factors
Red Flags
Probability of significant morbidity or mortality >1%.
Need urgent investigation
Abnormal neurological symptoms or signs
New seizure
History of cancer elsewhere
Orange Flags
Headache presentations where probability is likely
to be 0.1% and 1%. Need careful monitoring and
low threshold for imaging
Aggregated by Valsalva manoeuvre
Headache with significant change in character
Awakes from sleep
New headache over 50 years
Memory loss
Personality change
The delivery of headache
services
Secondary Care
“The role of the specialist is to reduce uncertainty,
to explore possibility and to marginalise error.
Primary Care
“The role of the GP is to accept uncertainly, to
explore probability and to marginalise danger”.
GPs with special interest
NHS plan calls for GPSIs to provide local,
efficient care
Controversy over concept from primary care
Limited evidence base
Substitution, complementation, meeting unmet
need
Commissioning headache service
delivery
BASH 2001, ABN 2010
GPs first line management
GPSI support
Tertiary headache centres
CASE 7
Jane is a 28 yr old
Presents with a visual disturbance
lasting 30 minutes. No other symptoms
What are the key questions?
What is the differential diagnosis
Secondary Headaches
AURA
Thalamus +
Mid Brain structures
Medication
overuse
headache
Tension type
headache
Hypothalamus
CLUSTER
CERVICAL
NUCLEI
MIGRAINE
CENTRE
Headache model
Primary
Headaches
CASE 7a
Jane develops a pattern of visual
disturbance followed by headache
What features would confirm a
diagnosis of migraine?
How would you manage the acute
attack?
Migraine
Prodrome 60%
Aura 30 %
Headache (30% bilateral)
Postdrome
Formal Migraine
At least 5 attacks
4-72 hours (1-72 hours)
Two of : unilateral, pulsating, moderate or
severe pain, aggregation by physical activity.
(bilateral)
At least one of: nausea/vomiting,
photophobia, phonophobia. (Can be inferred)
Not attributed to another disorder.
In practice
Recurrent headache that bothers
Nausea with headache
Light bothers
Implications for gastric stasis and neck pain
Migraine
Acute treatment
Paracetamol, Aspirin, Domperidone.
Triptan
Triptans
Sumatriptan 100mg
Sumatriptan 50mg
Rizatriptan 10mg
Zolmitriptan 2.5mg
Eletriptan 20mg/40mg
Almotriptan 12.5mg
Naratriptan 2.5mg
Frovatriptan
Triptan Half Life
Triptans – some practical
points
Treat early
Failure not class effect
Not in CVD
SSRIs
Over 65 years
CASE 7b
Jane’s headaches become more
frequent. When would you instigate
prevention?
What is your first choice?
Migraine treatment
Preventative
When to instigate?
What to use?
How long for to assess an effect?
What rate dose increase?
How long on preventative medication?
Migraine prevention +- evidence and licence
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beta blocker
Pizotifen
Amitriptyline
Gabapentin
Sodium valproate
Topiramate
Calcium antagonists
Lisinopril, Montelukast
Clonidine
Methylsergide
++ (L)
+ - (L)
+
+
++
+++ (L)
++--++(L)
CASE 7c
Jane has come for contraceptive
advice.
What options does she have?
What about the pill?
Ischaemic stroke
Fit women - 5/100,000 women years
Without aura - 15/100,000 women years
With aura - 30/100,000 women years
Avoid if other risk factors Eg smoking
?POP - probably safe
CASE 7d
After a few years, the migraines have
settled to monthly and associated with
menstruation only. She is fed up with
taking regular prevention.
How will you manage this?
Oestrogen sensitive migraine
Menstrual (pure - 7%, and other times
35%)
Peri-menopausal
Menstrual Migraine
Tricycle OC
Regular NSAI
100 mcg oestrogen patch
Regular long acting Triptan
Peri-menopausal migraine
Too much oestrogen too quickly - worse
25 mcg Evoral patch in quarters
Avoid oral oestrogen
Reassure will get better
CASE 8
Jane brings in her 13 year old son who is
getting trouble with headache. In view of
the family history you suspect migraine.
How do features in children differ from
adults?
Would you image?
What treatment would you instigate?
Headache
A complex biopsychosocial interaction
Primary Headache Epidemiology
Headache most frequent neurological problem in
children and commonest manifestation of pain
50% Childhood migraine becomes chronic and
continues into adulthood
<10% will see their GP
Primary Headache Epidemiology
10.6% migraine prevalence (3.4% age 5)
10% -24% tension type prevalence
0.01% cluster prevalence
Invariably mixed or not well defined
Why don’t children seek help?
Mortimer 1992
Don’t realise its migraine
Only a headache
Parents don’t want to reinforce illness
behaviour
Parents pattern their health seeking
behaviour
What is happening in primary care?
Kernick Cephalalgia 2009
GPs made diagnosis in 20%
25% referred to secondary care
3 in 10,000 tumour
No tumours if migraine diagnosed
Diagnosis
Depression
Total in
cases
1.5%
Total in
controls
0.67%
LR
(confidence
intervals)
2.2
(1.9,2.5)
Depression in year after headache presentation
Problems with Children under
3 years
Unable to articulate symptoms of raised
intracranial pressure
Problem may be suggested by their behaviour in
ways that may be relatively subtle
Features childhood migraine
Pain is shorter acting
More likely to be bilateral
Often “mixed”
Associated with other systemic
presentations
Presentation of Brain Tumour
40% headache (<10% headache alone)
28% nausea and vomiting
22% motor abnormalities
17% visual abnormalities
17% cranial nerve abnormalities
10% seizures
3% behavioural change
Wilme 2010
Red Flags
Discuss with Paediatrician the same day
Abnormal neurological sign
Confusion or disorientation
Visual abnormalities
Abnormal head position (double vision or neck pain)
Cerebella dysfunction
Persistent headache for 4 or more weeks at presentation that
awake from sleep or occur on waking
Persistent headache at any time in a child younger than 4 years
Persistent headache for 2 or more weeks with vomiting
Orange Flag presentations
Need referral/close monitoring
Headache with behavioural change
Headache with deterioration in school work
Headache with growth arrest or abnormal
puberty
A persistent unilateral or occipital headache
A persistent headache in a child with a
personal or family history of childhood tumour
Recent change in headache characteristics in
a previous diagnosed primary headache
Management
Avoidence of triggers
Analgesia +-Domperidone
Sumatriptan nasal
Pizotifen
Propranolol
Amitrip
Topiramate
School Policy Guidelines.
RCGP, Headache UK, RCN
Diagnosing the right headache
Three Key Questions
1 - What is the impact?
Migraine - lie down
Tension Type Headache - keep going
Cluster Headache - bang head against wall
Diagnosing the right headache
Three Key Questions
2 - How many types of headache do you
recognise?
Diagnosing the right headache
Three Key Questions
3 - What pain killers are you taking?