Transcript Chapter 1 – “They Say”

WRITING AN ARGUMENT ESSAY
CHAPTER 1 – “THEY SAY”
Starting with
What Others
Are Saying
ENTERING THE CONVERSATION
 A writer needs to indicate clearly not only what his or her
thesis is, but also what larger conversation that thesis is
responding to.
 To keep an audience engaged, a writer needs to explain what
he or she is responding to —either before of fering that
response or, at least, very early in the discussion .
 Waiting more than one or two paragraphs will reverse the natural
order in which the reader thinks
 Remember you are entering a conversation
 Therefore, you need to start with “what others are saying,” and then
introduce your own ideas as a response.
WHAT “THEY SAY”
 Don’t summarize everything , but don’t jump right into your
own argument
 You will eventually state your own position and the one it’s
responding to together as a unit.
 Just give your readers a quick preview of what is motivating your
argument; don’t drown them in details right away
 When you present your argument as part of some larger
conversation, you will indicate something about the
arguments of others that you are supporting, opposing,
amending, complicating, or qualifying.
 It lets others do some of the work of framing and clarifying
the issue you’re writing about
WHERE IS THERE A SUMMARY OF WHAT
OTHERS ARE SAYING? DOES HE AGREE?
Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that
the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed
that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our
civilization is decadent and our language —so the argument
runs—must inevitably share in the general collapse…
[But] the process is reversible. Modern English… is full of bad
habits… which can be avoided if one is willing to take the
necessary trouble
George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language”
ADVANCED “THEY SAY”
 Other ways of opening with someone else’s views, include:
 An illustrative quotation
 A revealing fact or statistic
 A relevant anecdote
 If you use these, they must illustrate the view you’re
addressing or lead to that view directly, with a minimum of
steps
WHERE IS THERE A SUMMARY OF WHAT
OTHERS ARE SAYING? DOES SHE AGREE?
“I’m a reader!” Announced the yellow button. “How about you?” I
looked at its bearer, a strapping young guy stalking my town’s
Festival of Books. “I’ll bet you’re a reader,” he volunteered, as
though we were two geniuses well met. “No,” I replied.
“Absolutely not,” I wanted to yell, and fling my Barnes and Noble
bag at his feet. Instead, I mumbled something apologetic and
melted into the crowd.
There’s a new piety in the air: the self congratulation of book
lovers
Christina Nehring, “Books Make You a Boring Person”
DESCRIBE WHAT “THEY SAY”
 Boston Celtics v. Los Angeles Lakers
 Hot Dogs v. Hamburgers
 Meat Eaters v. Vegetarians
 Apples v. Oranges
 The Easter Bunny v. Santa Claus
TEMPLATES FOR INTRODUCING
STANDARD VIEWS

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
Americans have always believed that __________.
Conventional wisdom has it that __________.
Common sense seems to dictate that __________.
The standard way of thinking about topic X has it
that __________.
It is often said that __________.
My whole life I have heard it said that __________.
You would think that __________.
Many people assume that __________.
DESCRIBE A “STANDARD VIEW”
 Boston Celtics v. Los Angeles Lakers
 Hot Dogs v. Hamburgers
 Meat Eaters v. Vegetarians
 Apples v. Oranges
 The Easter Bunny v. Santa Claus
TEMPLATES FOR MAKING WHAT THEY
SAY SOMETHING YOU SAY
 I’ve always believed that __________.
 When I was a child, I used to think that
__________.
 Although I should know better by now, I
cannot help thinking that __________.
 At the same time that I believe __________,
I also believe __________.
DESCRIBE WHAT THEY (AND YOU) SAY
 Boston Celtics v. Los Angeles Lakers
 Hot Dogs v. Hamburgers
 Meat Eaters v. Vegetarians
 Apples v. Oranges
 The Easter Bunny v. Santa Claus
TEMPLATES FOR INTRODUCING
SOMETHING IMPLIED OR ASSUMED
 Although none of them have ever said so
directly, group X have often given me the
impression that __________.
 One implication of X’s treatment of
__________ is that __________.
 X apparently assumes that __________.
 While they rarely admit as much,
__________ often take for granted
__________.
DESCRIBE AN ASSUMED BELIEF
 Boston Celtics v. Los Angeles Lakers
 Hot Dogs v. Hamburgers
 Meat Eaters v. Vegetarians
 Apples v. Oranges
 The Easter Bunny v. Santa Claus
TEMPLATES FOR INTRODUCING AN
ONGOING DEBATE
 In discussions of X, one controversial issue has
been __________. On the one hand __________
argues __________. On the other hand,
__________ contends __________. Others even
maintain __________. My own view is
__________.
 When it comes to the topic of __________, most
of us will readily agree that __________. Where
this agreement usually ends, however, is on the
question of __________. Whereas some are
convinced that __________, others maintain that
__________.
DESCRIBE AN ONGOING DEBATE
 Boston Celtics v. Los Angeles Lakers
 Hot Dogs v. Hamburgers
 Meat Eaters v. Vegetarians
 Apples v. Oranges
 The Easter Bunny v. Santa Claus
WRITING AN ARGUMENT ESSAY
CHAPTER 2 – “HER POINT IS”
The Art of
Summarizing
SUMMARIZING
 Because writers who make strong claims need to make their
claims in response to those of other people, it is important to
know how to summarize ef fectively what those other people
say
 “Summarizing” refers to any information from others that you present
in your own words including that which you paraphrase
 A good summary requires balancing what the original author
is saying with the writer’s own focus
 It must be true to what the original author says while also
emphasizing those aspects of what the author says that interests
you, the writer
 You must face outward (toward the writer) and inward (toward
yourself)
 You must be able to suspend your own beliefs for a time and
put yourself in the shoes of someone else
EXAMPLES OF SUMMARIZING
David Zinczenko’s ar ticle “Don’t Blame the Eater,” is nothing
more than an angr y rant in which he accuses the fast -food
companies of an evil conspiracy to make people fat. I disagree
because these companies have to make money…
 Mischaracterizes the tone as ‘angry’
 Abandons the summary after only one sentence and rushes
on to her own response

Even though a one sentence summary is sometimes okay
Several studies (Crackle, 1992; Pop, 2001; Snap, 1987) suggest
that these policies are harmless; moreover, other studies (Dick,
2002; Harr y, 2003; Tom, 1987) argue that they even have
benefits.
SUMMARIES WITH A “SPIN”
 A good summary has a focus or spin that allows the summary
to fit with your own agenda while still being true to the text
you are summarizing.
 Suppose you want to argue that it is parents, not fast -food
companies, who are to blame for children’s obesity. To set up
this argument, you will probably want to compose a summary
that highlights what Zinczenko says about the fast-food
industry and parents.
WHERE/HOW DOES THE WRITER PUT A
“SPIN” ON HIS SUMMARY?
In his ar ticle “Don’t Blame the Eater,” David Zinczenko blames the fast food industr y for fueling today’s so -called obesity epidemic, not only by
failing to provide adequate warning labels on its high -calorie foods but
also by filling the nutritional void in children’s lives lef t by their
over taxed working parents. With many parents working long hour s and
unable to super vise what their children eat, Zinczenko claims, children
today are easily victimized by the low -cost, calorie-laden foods that the
fast-food chains are all too eager to supply. When he was a young boy, for
instance, and his single mother was away at work , he ate at Taco Bell,
McDonald’s, and other chains on a regular basis, and ended up
over weight. Zinczenko’s hope is that with the new spate of lawsuits
against the food industr y, other children with working parents will have
healthier choices available to them, and that they will not, like him,
become obese.
In my view, however, it is the parents, and not the food chains, who are
responsible for their children’s obesity. While it is true that many of
today’s parents work long hour s, there are still several things that
parents can do to guarantee that their children eat healthy foods…
AVOID LIST SUMMARIES
 Often writers who summarize without regard to their own
interests fall prey to what might be called “list summaries,”
summaries that simply inventory the original author’s various
points but fail to focus those points around any larder overall
claim.
The author says many things about his subject. First he says…
Then he makes the point that… In addition he says… And then
he writes… Also he shows that… And then he says…
USING SIGNAL VERBS
 Instead of writing “X said,” try:
 X totally misrepresented
 X attacked
 X loved
 Instead of “says” or “discusses,” try:
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Urges
Emphasizes
Complains
Protests
Challenges
Chastises
Indicts
 The Declaration of Independence doesn’t “talk about” the
treatment of the colonies by the British; it “protests against” it
USING SIGNAL VERBS
Templates for introducing summaries or quotations:
 She advocates a radical revision of the juvenile justice
system.
 They celebrate the fact that _____________________________.
 Even adults often make poor dietary choices , he admits.
USE VIVID AND PRECISE SIGNAL VERBS
WHEN INTRODUCING A SUMMARY
Verbs for Expressing
Agreement
Verbs for Making a Claim
 Argue
 Assert
 Believe
 Claim
 Emphasize
 Insist
 Observe
 Remind us
 Report
 Suggest
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
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Acknowledge
Admire
Agree
Celebrate the fact that
Corroborate
Do not deny
Endorse
Extol
Praise
Reaffirm
Support
Verify
USE VIVID AND PRECISE SIGNAL VERBS
WHEN INTRODUCING A SUMMARY
Verbs for Questioning or
Disagreeing
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

Complain
Complicate
Contend
Contradict
Deny
Deplore the tendency to
Qualify
Question
Refute
Reject
Renounce
Repudiate
Verbs for Making
Recommendations
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Advocate
Call for
Demand
Encourage
Exhort
Implore
Plead
Recommend
Urge
Warn
CHAPTER 4 –
“YES/NO/OKAY, BUT”
Three Ways to
Respond
OFFERING YOUR ARGUMENT
 Good arguments are based not on knowledge that only a
special class of experts has access to, but on everyday habits
of mind that can be isolated, identified, and used by almost
anyone.
 There are three most common ways to respond to others’
ideas
 Agreeing
 Disagreeing
 A combination of both
 If you wait too long, readers will get frustrated because they
don’t know if you are for or against the arguments you have
presented
OFFERING YOUR ARGUMENT
 Don’t begin your response by launching into a mass of details,
instead it may help to use a direct, no nonsense formula like:
 I agree… .
 I disagree… .
 I agree that _____________, but I cannot agree that ____________ .
 This even works when analyzing or interpreting literature:
 Although some readers might think that this poem is about
______________, it is in fact about _______________.
DISAGREE—AND EXPLAIN WHY
 Disagreeing can be an easy way to generate an essay: find
something you can disagree with in what has been said or
might be said about your topic, summarize it, and argue with
it.
 There are some challenges:
 You have to offer persuasive reasons why you disagree
 Can’t just add “not” to what someone else has said
 You have to give reasons to support what you say
 Because another’s argument fails to take relevant factors into account
 Because it is based on faulty or incomplete evidence
 Because it uses flawed logic, is contradictory, or overlooks the real issue
 You need to demonstrate that you have something to contribute
TEMPLATES FOR DISAGREEING WITH
REASONS
 X is mistaken because she overlooks recent fossil discoveries
in the South.
 X’s claim that _________________ rests upon the questionable
assumption that __________________________.
 I disagree with X’s view that ___________________ because,
as recent research has shown, ______________________.
 X contradicts herself/can’t have it both ways. On the one
hand, she argues ____________________. On the other hand,
she also says _____________________.
 By focusing on ______________________, X overlooks the
deeper problem of _________________________.
SOME SPECIAL MOVES FOR DISAGREEING
 The “duh” move:
 According to a recent report by some researchers at Stanford
University, high school students with college aspirations “often lack
crucial information on applying to college and on succeeding
academically once they get there.” We;;, duh… It shouldn’t take a
Stanford research team to tell us that when it comes to “succeeding
academically,” many students don’t have a clue.
 It is true that ________________, but we already knew that.
 The “twist it” move:
 X argues for stricter gun control legislation, saying that the crime
rate is on the rise and that we need to restrict the circulation of guns.
I agree that the crime rate is on the rise, but that ’s precisely why I
oppose stricter gun control legislation. We need to own guns to
protect ourselves against criminals
 Agree with the evidence but use logic to support your own position
AGREE—BUT WITH A DIFFERENCE
 You need to do more than simply echoing the views you agree
with
 You need to bring something new to the discussion
 You may point out some unnoticed evidence or line of reasoning that
supports X’s claims that X herself hadn’t mentioned
 You may give personal experience or observations that X’s position
helps readers understand
 You may may give an explanation of X’s more complicated ideas
using more accessible language
TEMPLATES FOR AGREEING
 I agree that diversity in the student body is educationally
valuable because my experience at Central University
confirms it.
 X is surely right about _____________ because, as she may
not be aware, recent studies have shown that
_________________.
 X’s theory of _____________ is extremely useful because it
sheds light on the dif ficult problem of _______________.
 Those unfamiliar with this school of thought may be
interested to know that it basically boils down to
____________________.
 I agree that ___________, a point that needs emphasizing
since too many people still believe _______________________.
 If group X is right that ____________, as I think they are, then
we need to reassess the popular assumption that __________.
AGREE AND DISAGREE SIMULTANEOUSLY
 This is the best way of responding because it gets beyond the
“is too” and “is not” exchanges of young children
 You can subtly tip the sentence toward agreement or
disagreement depending on the structure.
 Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept his overriding
assumption that religion is no longer a major force today.
 Yes, but…
 Although I disagree with much that X says, I fully endorse his final
conclusion that _______________.
 No, but…
TEMPLATES FOR AGREEING AND
DISAGREEING SIMULTANEOUSLY
 Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept his
overriding assumption that religion is no longer a major force
today.
 Although I disagree with much that X says, I fully endorse his
final conclusion that _______________.
 Though I concede that _________________, I still insist that
___________________.
 X is right that _____________, but she seems on more dubious
ground when she claims that _____________________.
 While X is probably wrong when she claims that
_______________, she is right that _____________________.
 Whereas X provides ample evidence that ______________, Y
and Z’s research on _______________ and _______________
convinces me that ___________________ instead.
THE “I’M OF TWO MINDS” MOVE
 I’m of two minds about X’s claim that __________________. On
the one hand, I agree that ______________. ON the other hand,
I’m not sure if _________________.
 My feelings on the issue are mixed. I do support X’s position that
______________, but I find Y’s argument about _______________
and Z’s research on __________________ to be equally
persuasive.
These templates should be dangerous because they leave your
reader unsure of exactly where your opinion lies.
CHAPTER 7 –
“SO WHAT? WHO CARES?”
Saying Why It
Matters
WHO CARES? SO WHAT?
 Regardless of how interesting a topic may be to you as a
writer, readers always need to know what is at stake in a text
and why they should care
 Too often, these questions are let unanswered —mainly
because writers and speakers assume that audiences will
know the answers already or will figure them out on their own.
 Speakers don’t address the crucial question of why their
arguments matter.
WHO CARES? SO WHAT?
 These questions get at the same thing:
 The relevance or importance of what you are saying
 But they get at this significance in dif ferent ways
 “Who cares” asks you to identify a person or group who cares about
your claims
 “So what” asks about the real-world applications and consequences
of those claims—what difference it would make if they were accepted
WHO CARES?
Scientists used to think body fat and the cells it was made of
were pretty much iner t, just an oily storage compar tment. But
within the past decade research has shown that fat cells act
like chemical factories and that body fat is potent stuff: a
highly active tissue that secretes hormones and other
substances with profound and sometimes harmful effects… In
recent years, biologists have begun calling fat an “ endocrine
organ,” comparing it to glands like the thyroid and pituitar y,
which also release hormones straight into the bloodstream.
Denise Grady, “The Secret Life of a Potent Cell”
TEMPLATES FOR INDICATING WHO CARES
 Parents used to think spanking was necessary. But recently
experts suggest that it can be counterproductive .
 This interpretation challenges the work of those critics who have
long assumed that ________.
 These findings challenge the work of earlier researchers, who
tended to assume that _________.
 Recent studies like these shed light on _________, which
previous studies have not addressed.
 If sports enthusiasts stopped to think about it, many of them
might simply assume that the most successful athletes
___________. However, new research shows ________.
 These findings challenge neoliberals common assumption that
_________.
 At first glance, teenagers might say _________. But on closer
inspection, _________________.
SO WHAT?
 The best way to answer questions about the larger
consequences of your claims is to appeal to something that
your audience already likely cares about.
SO WHAT?
Researchers tr ying to decipher the biology of fat cells hope to
find new ways to help people get rid of excess fat or, at least,
prevent obesity from destroying their health. In an
increasingly obese world, their effor ts have taken on added
impor tance. Internationally, more than a billion people are
overweight. Obesity and two illnesses linked to it, hear t
disease and high blood pressure, are on the World Health
Organization’s list of the top 10 global health risks. In the
United States, 65 percent of adults weight too much,
compared with about 56 percent a decade ago, and
government researchers blame obesity for at least 300,000
deaths a year.
Denise Grady, “The Secret Life of a Potent Cell”
TEMPLATES FOR ESTABLISHING WHY CLAIMS
MATTER
 Huckleberr y Finn is important because it is one of the most
widely taught novels in the American school system.
 Although X may seem trivial, it is in fact crucial in terms of
today’s concern over __________.
 Ultimately, what is at stake here is ___________.
 These findings have important implications for the broader
domain of ____________.
 If we are right about __________, then major consequences
follow for ______________.
 These conclusions/This discovery will have significant
applications in _________ as well as in ___________.
COMBINATION OF WHO CARES AND SO WHAT
 Although X may seem of concern to only a small group of
___________, it should in fact concern anyone who cares
about _________.