Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 15 Lecture
Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the progressive stages of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and explain why
preventing AIDS is essential
• Describe how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is transmitted from individual to individual
• Outline how the following STIs are transmitted from
individual to individual: trichomoniasis, chlamydia,
hepatitis B, gonorrhea, venereal warts, genital herpes,
and syphilis
• List and outline the symptoms and treatments of the
most common sexually transmitted infections in the
United States
• Identify the guidelines to reduce your risk of acquiring
sexually transmitted infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections?
• Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex
• Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites
• STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated; those
caused by viruses remain for life
• STIs can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer,
and/or death
• STIs can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are
present
• Described as "silent" diseases because early symptoms are
often ignored and untreated
• One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their
lifetime
• Younger people are at highest risk for contracting STIs
Complete Lab 15.1: Attitudes & Behaviors toward STIs
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common STIs in the United States
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
HIV/AIDS
• Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure
• Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS
• 1.2 million people in the United States and over 33 million people
worldwide are currently infected with HIV
• Anyone can get HIV/AIDS; it is not limited to any group
Stages of HIV Infection
• First ("silent") stage
– no physical symptoms
• Second stage: symptomatic infection
– symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen
lymph nodes, and sore throat
• Third (final) stage: AIDS
– includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain
types of cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma)
– can include brain damage and tumors
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
AIDS Developmental Stages
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
HIV Transmission
Must Enter Bloodstream
• Most common modes
–
–
–
–
Vaginal/anal intercourse with no condom
Sharing needles: drug use, tattoos, piercing
Mother to fetus
Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures,
open wounds, or blood transfusions
• HIV Cannot Be Transmitted Via
– Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals
– Contact with inanimate objects
– Sports participation
– Saliva
– Swimming pools, hot tubs, or whirlpools
– Contact with animals
– Insect bites
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
• A virus that causes liver disease
• Transmitted via contact with infected blood, blood
products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva
• People at risk include those who share an infected
person's items (razors, toothbrushes), are intravenous
drug users, handle human fluids
• Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea,
vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, chronic fatigue
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by a blood test
– No cure for HBV
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts)
• Most common cause of STIs in the United States, and
world
• Extremely high rates of infection in college students
• HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer
• Symptoms
– None or genital warts
• Treatment
– Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts
– Most infections disappear without medical treatment
– HPV vaccine
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genital Herpes
• Caused by herpes simplex virus
• Type I (HSV-1)
– infections above the waist (lips or mouth)
• Type II (HSV-2)
– infections below the waist (genital lesions)
– Symptoms
• Sores, fever, swollen glands
• Disappear and reappear without warning
– Treatment
• No cure for herpes virus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chlamydia
• Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people
worldwide
• Twenty percent of all college students are infected
• Symptoms
– 7–21 days after infection
• unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating,
vaginal bleeding between periods
– Later symptoms
• lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, lowgrade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear
– Cured by antibiotics
– Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
if untreated
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chlamydia Rates in Women
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonorrhea
• Second most common bacterial STI
• Also commonly known as "the clap"
• Symptoms
– Milky discharge from penis and painful
urination
– Only 20% of women develop symptoms
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile
discharge
– Cured with appropriate medication
• If untreated, may result in sterility
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonorrhea Rates in the United States
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Syphilis
• Caused by bacterial infection
• Symptoms
– Four stages
•
•
•
•
primary syphilis—chancre
secondary syphilis—skin rash, white patches
latent syphilis—few symptoms
tertiary syphilis—results in heart damage,
blindness, deafness, paralysis, and mental
disorders
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed with a blood test
– Cured by antibiotics
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other STIs
Trichomoniasis
• Symptoms
– yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation,
and/or burning sensation
• Diagnosis
– simple medical test
• Treatment
– metronidazole
Pubic Lice ("crabs")
• Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding
skin
• Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin
medications
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other STIs (cont.)
Scabies
• Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on
the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area
• Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and
performed a microscopic test
• Treated with topical medications
Candidiasis
• Fungal infection
• Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat
• Treated with anti-fungal medications
See Steps for Behavior Change Are You at Increased Risk
for STI?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reducing STI Risk
Protective Measures
• Abstinence
• Limiting your number of sexual partners
• Using male latex condoms
• Using female condoms
• Discussing STIs with sexual partners
• Avoiding drugs and alcohol
• If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician
immediately for screening
Other Protective Measures
• Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs
• Do not share needles, scissors, or razors
• Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has
been in contact with a person with an STI
• Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
STI Worldwide Problem
Adults around the world living with HIV in 2009
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• Millions of people in the United States are infected by one or more
STIs every year
• The most common STIs include HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, human
papillomavirus, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis,
trichomoniasis, pubic lice, and scabies
• AIDS is a fatal disease that develops from infection caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• STIs caused by viruses, such as hepatitis B, genital wars/human
papillomaviruses, and herpes, are not curable and will reside in the
body of the host for life
• Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are STIs caused by bacterial
infections and can be treated successfully with antibiotics
• Avoid STIs by abstaining from sex and/or following "safe sex"
guidelines including limiting your number of sexual partners, using
condoms, and avoiding high-risk behaviors, including drug and
alcohol abuse
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.