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CCS – Environmental Impacts Roger Barrowcliffe, 14 November 2007 Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Distribution of sources and sinks in Europe Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Sources and sinks in NW Europe (2030) Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Opportunities for environmental impact Fuel extraction Fuel transport Power Generation CO2 storage CO2 transport Emissions Waste products Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Fuel – environmental issues ‘Fuel penalty’ has implications for: • Use of a finite resource • Socio-economic impacts • GHG and other emissions • Occupational risk Fuel transport has implications for: • GHG and other emissions Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world CO2 transport/pipelines Additional pipelines associated with: • Temporary land take and ecological impact • Temporary socio – economic impact • Risk of rupture and consequent hazard • Energy use through compression Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world EU scale of CO2 capture and storage 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Oxyfuel (7%) 0 49 156 338 600 Pre-combustion (IGCC) (64%) 3 437 1,406 3,038 5,397 Post-combustion (PC) (29%) 1 194 625 1,350 2,399 Total (cumulative MtCO2) 4 679 2,187 4,726 8,395 23 3,159 7,057 11,518 17,029 1.0 135.0 301.5 492.2 727.7 Mass of CO2 captured (MT) by: Total length of pipeline (km) CO2 transport Annual volume of CO2 captured (MtCO2/yr) Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world CO2 storage • Use of offshore reservoirs associated with risk of: • Leaks to seawater and effect on ocean pH • Accidental release at the wellhead • Onshore reservoirs associated with: • Leakage, rupture and risk to humans/ecosystems Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Peterhead Power Station (as proposed by BP) Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Peterhead Power Station – the process (1) Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Peterhead Power Station – the process (2) Pre-Combustion Decarbonisation H2O + ½ O2 Natural gas Capture, transport and storage of CO2 Power generation H2O + NOX and residual CO2 CO2 Syngas Reformer Partial Oxidation: CH4 + ½ O2 = CO + 2H2 & Steam Reforming: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 Shift conversion of CO to CO2 Water Gas Shift Conversion: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world CO2 Capture Hydrogen rich fuel Gas turbines and HRSGs Electric Power Peterhead Power Station – the carbon balance 477 barrels (64 tonnes) of oil Recovered/hr Electricity Export 475MW (Net) Natural Gas Fuel In 1231MWh (253.5TCO2/hr) Power station: Thermal Efficiency 38.6% (Net/LHV) CO2 to Miller 233.2Tonnes/hr CO2 to Atmosphere 20.3Tonnes/hr St Fergus Compression & Miller Operations Net CO2 sequestered 208.6 T/hr CO2 to Atmosphere 19.02TCO2 Miller + St Fergus 5.59TCO2 Total 24.61TCO2/hr Assumptions: 92% Capture St Fergus Compression (13MW) (430g CO2/kW) (Reference Case) Miller Platform (92MW for nominal 41MW output at 35% efficiency) (260g CO 2/kW UK Ave) Steady state operation profile (Reference Case, Offshore compression requirements based on initial years of operation) Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Peterhead PS v Current CCGT PS DF1 Peterhead (92%CO2 capture) Natural Gas Fuel In 2.59 kWh (534 gCO2) Electricity Export 1 kWh (Net) Thermal Efficiency 38.6% (Net/LHV) CO2 to Miller 491 g • 43 gCO2 (to atmosphere)/kWh UK Current Proven CCGT Technology (F Class) Natural Gas Fuel In 1.79 kWh (368 gCO2) •368 gCO2/kWh electricity export Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world CO2 to Atmosphere 43 g Electricity Export 1 kWh (Net) Thermal Efficiency 56.0% (Net/LHV) CO2 to atmosphere 368 g Peterhead PS: a comparison with existing electricity generation 900 800 700 600 gCO22/kWh 500 net electricity generation 400 876 723 491 300 430 200 404 368 343 100 43 0 UK Average Coal UK Average Oil UK Grid Electricity Average E Class CCGT UK Proven Baglan Bay - H Peterhead CCGT Technology - F Class Generating Type Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Class CCGT CO2 Captured CO2 to atmosphere Super critical coal fired PS – additional emissions (Source: IPCC) Rate (kg/MWhr) Increase (kg/MW hr) 107 - 704 Atmospheric emissions: CO2 SO2 0.00 - 0.29 NOx 0.77 0.18 Resource consumption: Fuel Limestone 390 93 27.5 6.8 28.1 6.7 Solid Waste: Ash Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world Summary of environmental issues • Most impacts are modest – but widely distributed • Some impacts are unknown and constitute risks Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world