Transcript Vaccine Preventable Diseases - UCO

Vaccines and Vaccine
Preventable Diseases
Variolation
Childhood Vaccinations
Measles
Mumps
Polio
Rubella (German
Measles)
Pertussis (Whooping
Cough)
Diphtheria
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Haemophilus influenzae
type b
Hepatitis B
Varicella (chickenpox)
Pneumococcal disease
Diphtheria
• Kills 1 in 10 Infected
• Lives in the Mouth,
Nose, and Throat of an
Infected Person
• Spread by Direct
Contact
• Suffocation,
Paralysis, Heart
Failure, Coma, Death
Diphtheria
• Incubation Period of
2-5 Days
• Picture shows
“Bullneck Diphtheria
Tetanus/Lockjaw (Child)
Tetanus (neonatal)
• Usually Caused by Rubbing Umbilical Cord with Cow Dung
Tetanus (Baby)
Tetanus (Adult)
Tetanus
• Bacteria lives in soil and sometimes in the
intestines and feces of animals.
• Centers the Body through cuts, punctures,
or other wounds
• Incubation period of 3 days to 3 weeks
• Stiffness, difficulty swallowing, lockjaw,
muscle rigidity, painful convulsions
• Broken bones, coma, death
Pertussis
(Whooping
Cough)
• Whooping Sound
• Spread through Coughing
and Sneezing
• Pneumonia, Seizures, Brain
Damage
• Hospitalization or Death
• Seizures and Brain Damage
Polio (Iron Lungs)
Los Angeles 1952
Polio killed 26,635 People in the United States 1940-1959
Eleven-year-old Robert Blackburn (1953) show with grandmother and mother gets
breathing assistance from an iron lung at Children’s Hospital in Farmington.
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, alarmed by decades
of worsening polio epidemics
and the terrible toll the virus
was taking on America’s young,
established the National
foundation for Infantile
Paralysis.
Radio listeners all over the
country were urged to send
their dimes directly to the
White House.
The response was so effective
the organizations name was
changed to the March of
Dimes.
Visitors to the 1056
Detroit Auto Show
were provided with
adhesive tabs to
attach gift dimes to
an automobile for
the March of
Dimes. Polio
victim two-yearold Stephen
Schelling examines
the display.
Kurt Achenbach, 7, a first-grader at Baker School in 1954, bucks up his
courage as a “polio pioneer” volunteering to test the new Salk vaccine.
1.8 million elementary children participated in the clinical trial.
The March of Dimes now
fights against birth defects.
Recent planning of a
monument to Franklin
Roosevelt wanted to
portray him out of his
wheelchair, to be more
politically correct.
“Fear hung like heat in the summer. No one knew how you got it.
Did you breathe it in, swallow it in contaminated milk, drink it down
at a public fountain, or get it from flies on our picnic lunch?”
Kathryn Black from book In the Shadow of Polio: A Personal and Social History.
Estimates suggest
more than 1.6
million polio
survivors live in this
country, > 40 years
after the Salk
vaccine virtually
eradicated Polio.
Now Post-Polio
problems are
beginning to develop
Polio Still Exists in the World
Polio
• Virus lives in throat and intestines of an
infected person
• Usually spreads to other people through
contact with feces
• Incubation period of 6-20 days
• Long Term Paralysis, Inability to Breathe
without the Help of a Machine, Death
Measles
• Runny Red Eyes
• Runny Nose
• Fever
Note:
1 Measles Case is
Considered an
Epidemic
Measles
Easily spread through
coughing, sneezing, or
just talking with an
infected person.
Incubation period of 1014 days.
Rash will cover body.
Measles
Complications
1. Pneumonia
2. Ear Infections
3. Brain Damage
4. Seizures
5. Death
Measles
(Koplik’s
Spots)
White spots inside the
mouth are characteristic
of measles.
Mumps
Spread through
coughing, sneezing,
or just talking with
an infected person
Incubation period of
14-18 days
Swollen cheeks or
Swollen jaw, Fever,
Headaches
Mumps
• Complications include brain damage,
swelling of testicles leading to sterility, and
deafness
Rubella
Spread through
coughing, sneezing,
or just talking to an
infected person.
Disease can pass
from mother to baby
during pregnancy
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
(Thickening of Eye Lens
Leading to Cataracts)
Rubella
• Causes a Temporary Arthritis
• Often Results in Miscarriage or Premature
Birth
• Babies who are infected before birth may be
born with defects including
- deafness
- heart damage
- blindness
- mental retardation
Haemophilus influenzae
Type B
Swollen face
due to Hib
Infection
Tissue under
jaw and cheek
is infected and
spreading
Haemophilus Influenza Type B
• Very dangerous to children under 5 years
• Spread through contact with infected person
• Germ enters body through the nose and
throat
• Fever, Severe Headache, Severe Sore
Throat, Severe Breathing Problems.
• Complications include Brain damage,
Seizures, Paralysis
Droplet Transmission Showing How
Influenza Germs Spread Through the Air
When Someone Coughs
Hepatitis A
Note yellowing of skin and eyes: One sign of Hepatitis A, a serious
liver disease infecting >100,000 people in USA each year
Hepatitis A
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Transmitted by fecal-oral route
Incubation period 1 month
Lasts for 3-4 weeks
Symptoms can recur in 1 out of 10
Complications include
- low energy levels for up to a year
- hospitalization
- death
Hepatitis B
Resulting in
Liver
Cancer
Serious liver disease
resulting in swelling of
stomach and permanent
liver damage that may
lead to liver cancer and
death.
Hepatitis B
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Enters the blood stream and attacks the liver
Incubation period of 6 weeks to 6 months
Can be a Carrier
50% Asymtomatic
Complications
- Permanent Severe Liver Damage
- Cancer of the Liver
- Death
Chickenpox
Common disease in
children. On average,
about 100 people die from
chicken pox in the US
every year. Itchy rash and
sore throat are common
symptoms. Complications
include lung damage, brain
damage, and death.
Chickenpox
Contracted at birth
from infected mother.
Death is a possibility in
a case this severe.
Smallpox
A Success Story for Vaccination
Smallpox
Principles and Effects of
Vaccination
• A vaccine is a
suspension of
organisms or parts of
organisms that is used
to induce immunity
• Provides herd
immunity
Herd immunity rests on the principle of safety in numbers;
if more people are immune to a certain virus, either through
vaccination or through already having the disease, then
more people in the population, even if they themselves
aren't immune, are protected from the disease.
Vaccination Doses Vary
4 doses of diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis
vaccine (DTaP)
4 doses of Hib vaccine
3 doses of polio vaccine
3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine
3 doses of pneumococcal vaccine
1 dose of measles, mumps & rubella vaccine
(MMR)
1 dose of varicella vaccine
The number of doses change or vary as new studies reveal new
information.
Free Vaccines
Free Vaccines
• A federal program called Vaccines for Children
provides free vaccines to eligible children,
including those without health insurance
coverage, all those who are enrolled in Medicaid,
American Indians and Alaskan Natives.
Types of Vaccines
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Attenuated Whole-Agent Vaccines
Inactivated Whole-Agent Vaccines
Toxoids
Subunit Vaccines
Conjugated Vaccines
Nucleic Acid Vaccines or DNA Vaccines
Dream Vaccine
Attenuated Whole-Agent Vaccines
• Weakened Microorganisms
• Lifelong Immunity
• Polio, Measles,
Mumps, Rubella
Inactivated Whole-Agent Vaccines
• Killed Bacteria or Inactivated
Viruses
• Chemicals (Formalin or Phenol)
• Rabies, Flu, Polio, Cholera
Toxoid Vaccines
• Inactivated Toxin
• Requires Boosters
• Tetanus, Diphtheria
Subunit Vaccines
• Consists of Antigenic Fragments of
Microorganisms
• Include Recombinant Vaccines
• Include Acelluar Vaccines
• Hepatitis B
Conjugated Vaccines
• Antigen Combined with a
Booster Protein
• Boosts Immune Response
• Flu
• Young Children As Early
As 2 Months
Nucleic Acid or
DNA Vaccines
• Currently Being
Developed
• Clinical Trials on
Animals
• No Human
Clinical Trials Yet
• Inject a Naked
DNA Plasmid
Dream Vaccine
• No Injection
• Lifetime Immunity
with Single Dose
• No Refrigeration
• Inexpensive
• Easy to Manufacture
Diagnostic Immunology
Tests designed to check for interactions between
antibodies and antigens. These show us if antibodies
or antigens are present in a patient.
• Precipitation Reactions
- Small Test Tube
- Formation of Ring
• Agglutination Reactions
- Antigens and Antibodies
- Clumping / Agglutination
O+
B+
• Neutralization Reactions
- Production of Antitoxin
• Complement Fixation
- Cell Rupturing
• ELISA
- Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent
Assay
- Cell Rupture
- The Most Widely
Used Test
Fluorescent-Antibody Technique
- Fluorescent Dye