Transcript Chapter 4
Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization Lecture slides prepared by Curtis DeFriez, Weber State University Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissues __________ are a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out __________ __________. They include various types, ranging from __________ (bone) to __________ (fat) to __________ (blood). Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissues __________ is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues – it is a branch of __________. Of the 10 trillion cells in our body, no single cell type can said to be “typical”. A trained histologist can recognize over ______ distinct human cell types under the microscope and is able to distinguish a cell from pancreatic tissue as opposed to a cell from the skin. • Each cell type has features particular to its function. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions Tissues are formed by grouping cells together using a variety of __________ __________ . Intracellular Junctions connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions __________ are found where a __________ is needed between cells. They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions __________ make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract. Cadherin is a __________ that forms the belt-like “__________”. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions __________ act as “__________”. They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into the cytoplasm. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions __________ are half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Intracellular Junctions __________ are pores (__________) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells. If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The 4 Basic Tissues Of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 basic tissue types: __________ tissues __________ tissues __________ tissues __________ tissues Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The 4 Basic Tissues __________ tissues __________ body surfaces and _____ glands and ______ hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The 4 Basic Tissues __________ tissues (C.T.) ______, _______, and __________ organs. Fat is a type of C.T. that stores energy. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all C.T. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The 4 Basic Tissues __________ tissues generate the physical force needed to make body structures _____. They also __________ used by the body. __________ tissues _____ changes in the body and __________ by generating nerve impulses. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The 4 Basic Tissues Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: __________, __________, and __________ Epithelial tissues from all three germ layers C.T. and muscle are derived from mesoderm. Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ is used to line surfaces and form __________ __________. Epithelium is also good at __________ things like mucous, hormones, and other substances . All epithelia have a ___________________ and an attached basal surface. Most epithelial tissue is avascluar Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium The _______ layer of the epithelium secretes a _____ __________ lamina; the underlying C.T. secretes a __________ __________. Together the basal lamina and the reticular lamina form a noncellular __________ membrane on which the epithelium sits. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Epithelia are named according to the __________ of their cells, and the __________ or __________ of their layers (of cells). Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Naming epithelia according to shape Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Naming epithelia according to arrangement __________. All cells in contact with basement membrane ____________________, but in reality all cells go from the apex to the base __________. Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Naming epithelia Three different cell shapes x three different cell arrangements = nine possibilities. Two of these are not used. Add __________(cells that change shape), and we’re back up to eight possible combinations. If different shapes are present in layers of cells, the epithelium is always named by the shape of cells in the __________ (outermost) layer. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ Epithelium is composed of a __________ layer of __________ cells found: In the air sacs of ____ In the lining of blood __________, the __________, and lymphatic __________ In all capillaries, including those of the kidney As the major part of a __________ membrane simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ Epithelium is composed of a __________ layer of __________ cells. It is often found lining the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ Epithelium forms a __________ layer of __________ cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells). __________ cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ __________ Epithelium appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not __________ __________. __________ tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucous. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ Epithelium has an __________ surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells. The other layers have different shapes, but the name is based on the apical layer. The __________ are ideal for protection against strong friction forces. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ Epithelium has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells. Locations include the sweat glands and part of the ♂ urethra __________ Epithelium is very rare, and for our purposes, hardly worth mentioning. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium The cells of Transitional Epithelium change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue. The apical “dome cells” of the top layer (seen here in relaxation) are an identifiable feature and signify an empty bladder . In a full bladder, the cells are flattened. simple squamous pseudostratified squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified cuboidal stratified cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified columnar transitional Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium Although epithelia are found __________ the body, certain ones are associated with specific body locations. __________ epithelium is a prominent feature of the __________ of the skin. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelium __________ squamous makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels. __________ is common in the digestive tract. __________ __________ columnar is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract. __________ is found in the bladder. __________ lines ducts and sweat glands. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Covering and Lining Epithelium __________ is a specialized __________ epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood. __________ is found in __________ membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum. Unlike other epithelial tissue, both are derived from embryonic mesoderm (the middle layer of the 3 primary germ layers of the embryo). Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.