Transcript Glencoe Biology - Coshocton High School

Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Land
 Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
 Gravity pulled densest elements to center of
planet.
 After ~500 million years,
solid crust formed on surface.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Atmosphere
 Gases that likely made-up atmosphere were expelled
by volcanoes.
 Water vapor (H2O)
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
 Nitrogen (N2)
 Hydrogen (H2)
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Clues in Rocks
 A fossil is any preserved evidence of organism.
 Most organisms DO NOT
end up as fossils.
They decompose before
they become fossils.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Fossil Formation
 Nearly all fossils are formed in sedimentary
rock.
 Sediments build-up
until they cover
organism’s remains.
 Minerals replace
organic matter or fill
empty pore spaces of organism.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Fossil Formation
http://www.teachersdomain.org/reso
urce/tdc02.sci.life.evo.becfossil/
~ video clip of Lucy becoming a fossil
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Discovered by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray in 1974 at Hadar in
Ethiopia.
Its age is about 3.2 million years.
Lucy was an adult female of about 25 years and was assigned to
the species Australopithecus afarensis.
About 40% of her skeleton was found, and her pelvis, femur (the
upper leg bone) and tibia show her to have been bipedal, although
there is evidence that afarensis was also partly arboreal (treedwelling).
She was about 107 cm (3'6") tall (small for her species) and about
28 kg (62 lbs) in weight.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Dating fossils
 Relative dating is a
method used to
determine the age of
rocks by comparing
them with those in
other layers.
 Law of
superposition
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Radiometric Dating
 Uses decay of
radioactive isotopes
to measure age of
rock
 Radioactive
isotopes that can be
used for radiometric dating are found only in
igneous or metamorphic rocks.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
The Geologic Time Scale
 A model that expresses the major geological
and biological events in Earth’s history.
 Divided into the Precambrian eon and the
Phanerozoic eon.
 Phanerozoic eon includes the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
 Each era is divided into one or more periods.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
Precambrian
 Nearly 90 percent of Earth’s entire history,
(formation of Earth to the beginning of the
Paleozoic era about 542 million years ago)
 Autotrophic prokaryotes enriched the
atmosphere with oxygen.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
The Paleozoic Era
 The ancestors of most major animal groups
diversified in the Cambrian explosion.
 Life in the oceans continued to evolve at the
end of the Cambrian period.
 Fish, land plants, and insects appeared during
the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
 The first tetrapods emerged in the Devonian.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
 A mass extinction ended the Paleozoic era
at the end of the Permian period.
 Between 60 and 75 percent of the species
alive went extinct.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
The Mesozoic Era
 Mammals and dinosaurs first appeared late
in the Triassic period, and flowering plants
evolved from nonflowering plants.
 Birds evolved from a group of predatory
dinosaurs in the middle of the Jurassic period.
 About 65 million years ago, a meteorite
struck Earth.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
 Plate tectonics describes movement of several
large plates that make up surface of Earth.
 These plates move on top of a partially molten layer
of rock underneath.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change
The Cenozoic Era
 Mammals became the dominant land animals.
 mammals of all kinds began to diversify.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Origins: Early Ideas
 Spontaneous generation - idea that life arises
from nonlife.
 Francesco Redi, Italian scientist, tested and
disproved idea that flies arose spontaneously from
rotting meat.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
 Theory of biogenesis - only living organisms
can produce other living organisms.
 Louis Pasteur designed experiment to show
biogenesis was true even for microorganisms, like
bacteria.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Origins: Modern Ideas
 Simple organic molecule
formation
Primordial soup hypothesis was early hypothesis
about origin of life.
Organic molecules could have been made from
simple reactions.
UV light from Sun and electric discharge in lightning
might have been primary energy sources.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
 Stanley Miller and
Harold Urey –
1st to show that simple
organic molecules
could be made from
inorganic compounds.
Replication of the Urey-Miller
experiment.
By passing electrical
sparks through mixtures of
hydrogen, methane, ammonia,
and water vapor, scientists
produced colored amino acids,
building blocks of organic life.
The experiment was first
performed by Stanley Miller in
1953 and has been repeated
many times elsewhere. These
photographs show an
experiment at NASA-Ames
Research Center's Chemical
Evolution Branch.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Making Proteins
 Life requires proteins.
 One possible mechanism for formation of proteins
would be if amino acids were bound to clay particles.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Genetic Code
 Some RNA sequences
have changed very little through time.
 Many biologists consider RNA to have been
life’s first coding system.
 Other researchers proposed that clay crystals
could have provided an initial template for RNA
replication.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Cellular Evolution
 Scientists hypothesize that first cells were
prokaryotes.
 Many scientists think
that modern prokaryotes
called archaea are
closest relatives of
Earth’s first cells.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
First Prokaryotes
 Archaea are autotrophic.
 do not obtain their
energy from Sun.
 do not need or produce
oxygen.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Photosynthesizing prokaryotes
 Photosynthesizing prokaryotes evolved shortly
after archaea.
 Prokaryotes, called cyanobacteria, have been
found in rocks as old as 3.5 billion years.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
The Endosymbiont Theory
 ancestors of eukaryotic cells lived
with prokaryotic cells.
 relationship between cells became mutually
beneficial
 prokaryotic symbionts became organelles
within eukaryotic cells.
 This theory explains origin of chloroplasts
and mitochondria! So very cool!
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Animation
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Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is an example of the theory of
spontaneous generation?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A
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B
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A. Tadpoles become frogs.
B. A starfish can grow from
a severed arm.
C. Damp hay and corn
create mice.
D. From a tiny acorn, an
oak can grow.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What gas do scientists think was absent from
Earth’s early atmosphere?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
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A. sulfur
B. nitrogen
C. oxygen
D. water vapor
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
In which period did the first land vertebrates
appear?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A. Cambrian
B. Devonian
C. Triassic
D. Mesozoic
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Formative
Questions
In which type of rock do paleontologists search
for fossils?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary
D. volcanic
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Formative
Questions
Which dating method determines the age of
rocks by comparing them to rocks in other
layers?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
A
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A
B
C
D
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D
A. absolute dating
B. geological dating
C. relative dating
D. sedimentary dating
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.1 Formative
Questions
Which geological change during the Mesozoic
era had the greatest effect in shaping the
course of evolution?
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B
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B
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A. plate tectonics
B. extensive glaciation
C. increased volcanic activity
D. meteorite impact
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.2 Formative
Questions
At one time people believed that mold growing
on a piece of cheese was created by the
cheese. This is the idea of __________.
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A
B
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A
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2.
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4.
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A. biogenesis
B. transgenesis
C. primordial generation
D. spontaneous generation
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.2 Formative
Questions
According to the endosymbiont theory, what may
have happened to a prokaryotic cell that entered
a host cell?
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A
B
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C
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A. It was digested by the
host cell.
B. It became an organelle
in the host cell.
C. It became a harmful
parasite in the host cell.
D. It was removed from the
host cell by exocytosis.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
14.2 Formative
Questions
An ancient prokaryote containing photosynthetic
pigments that was engulfed by a host cell may
have become a _________.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
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C
D
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D
A. chloroplast
B. lysosome
C. centriole
D. ribosome
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Which is the half-life of the
radioactive isotope shown
in the graph?
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A. 18 years
B. 36 years
C. 54 years
D. 72 years
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Study the graph. Determine
the age of a rock if it
contained 40% C-14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
A
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B
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A. 2,857.5 years
B. 7,576 years
C. 11,460 years
D. 5,730 years
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
Which factor made it unlikely that life existed on
Earth 4 billion years ago?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
A
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B
C
D
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D
A. absence of oxygen
B. absence of food
C. intense heat
D. intense sunlight
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
For which fossil might a paleontologist most
likely use carbon-14 to determine its age?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B
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B
C
D
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D
A. fossilized microbes in
volcanic rock
B. dinosaur footprints found
in sedimentary rock
C. marine fossils found in a
deep sedimentary layer
D. a woolly mammoth frozen
in a glacier since the last
Ice Age
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
Beryllium-10 (Be-10) has a half life of about
1.5 million years. If a sample is analyzed and
determined to contain ¼ of the original Be-10,
what is the age of the sample?
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B
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B
C
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1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. 750,000 years
B. 3 million years
C. 4.5 million years
D. 6 million years
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
Which provides the best evidence that a
meteorite struck the earth 65 million years
ago?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
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D
A. a large crater that
was found
B. a layer containing high
levels of iridium
C. the sudden appearance
of mammals
D. the sudden disappearance
of dinosaurs
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
In this experiment using water and
the gases to simulate Earth’s early
atmosphere, which was not one of
the final products?
amino acids
nucleotides
RNA molecules
sugar molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Standardized Test
Practice
Why do scientists believe that archea are the
closest relatives to Earth’s first cells?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
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A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. They are eukaryotes.
B. They contain DNA.
C. They carry out
photosynthesis.
D. They live in
extreme environments.
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Image Bank
Chapter 14
The History of Life
Animation
 Visualizing Geologic Time
 Continental Drift
 Miller-Urey Experiment
 Endosymbiont Theory
1
Describe the contributions of Miller and Urey. Be sure to include
the gist of their experiment, and what products were formed.
2
Describe the contributions of Francisco Redi to the theory of
spontaneous generation. Be sure to say whether his work
supported or refuted spontaneous generation.
3
Describe the contributions of Louis Pasteur to the theory of
spontaneous generation. Be sure to say whether his work
supported or refuted spontaneous generation.