Transcript Chapter 20: Punctuation!

Chapter 20: Punctuation!
End Marks
Abbreviations
Commas in a Series
Punctuating Independent Clauses
Other Comma Usage
End Marks
An end mark is a mark of punctuation
placed at the end of a sentence.
• Declarative .
• Interrogative ?
• Exclamatory !
• Imperative . Or !
Abbreviations
• With Periods
• Personal Names
• Titles used with
Names
• States
• Organizations and
Companies
• Addresses
• Times
• Without Periods
• VCR, FBI, TV
• Two letter state codes
• In. = inches & in =
preposition
• End of a sentence only
if it ends with a ?
• It dates back to B.C.
• Why St. Louis, M.O.?
Commas in a Series
• Use commas to separate items in a
series.
• My sisters and I collect coins, hats, rocks,
and stamps.
• Use a comma to separate two or more
adjectives preceding a noun, but not
after the last adjective before the noun.
• Running the race was a fun, challenging,
exhausting experience.
Punctuating Independent
Clauses
• Use a comma before and, but, or, nor,
for, so and yet when they join
independent clauses.
• Independent clauses in a series are
usually separated by semi colons.
However, a comma can separate short
independent clauses.
Commas are Nonessential
• Use commas to set
off nonessential
clauses and
nonessential
participial phrases
• An essential (or
restrictive) phrase or
clause is one that
cannot be left out
without changing the
meaning of the
sentence.
• That scarf, which is
real silk, was made
in India.
• A book written by
James Ullman is about
climbing a mountain.
• Adjective clauses that
begin with “that” are
usually essential.
Commas with Introductory
Elements
• Use a comma after yes, no, and mild
exclamations like well and why.
• No, the restaurant is not closing early this evening.
• Use a comma after an introductory participial
phrase.
• Frightened by the loud noise, the baby cried all night.
• Use a comma after two or more introductory
prepositional phrases.
• On the sidewalk behind the school, squirrels gathered to look for
food.
• Use a comma after an introductory adverb
clause.
• After you come home from band practice, please prepare dinner.
Commas Cause Interruptions
• Appositives and appositive phrases are
usually set off by commas.
• Cheryl, the class president, is giving a speech.
• Use commas to set off words used in direct
address.
• Sally, do you have my shoes?
• Use commas to set of parenthetical
expressions.
• Jackson, on the other hand, would make a great assistant.
• A parenthetical expression is a side remark that adds
information. (nevertheless, for instance, however, that is,
therefore)
Practice!
1. What are the three types of end marks?
2. What are the six abbreviations with
periods?
3. How do you use a comma to join
independent clauses?
4. Are commas nonessential or essential?
Explain.
5. Give three examples of when to use a
comma.
Commas Can Do So Much
• Use commas to separate items in dates and
addresses
• Use a comma after the salutation of a friendly
letter and after the closing of any letter
• Use a comma after the name followed by an
abbreviation such as Jr., Sr., or M.D. and after
the abbreviation when it is used in a
sentence.
Run- On Sentences
• I am a woman I am a truck driver.
• I am a woman; nevertheless, I am a
truck driver.
• I am a woman. I am a truck driver.
• I am a woman, I am a truck driver.
• Comma Splice
• I am a woman, and I am a truck driver.
More Practice!
• Write a simple sentence
• Add an independent clause to it
• Make a comma splice
• Make a run-on
• Fix it using three different punctuation
marks
Running On
• What is a run-on?
• Fusing together two independent clauses
• Needs internal punctuation
• Watch out for the comma splice
• Just adding a comma (needs a link)
• Determined by tone, rhythm, personal style