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The role of Geographic Information for good governance Joep Crompvoets KU Leuven EuroSDR Wageningen, 27 January 2015 1 Leuven KU Leuven Founded 1425 1968 – Split into KU Leuven – UC Louvain KU Leuven - 16,000 Staff (incl. 8000 ‘medical’ staff) - 55,000 students (9900 foreign students) - Satellite campuses in Kortrijk Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Brussels - 3 Leuven Campus (Hospital, Science, Human) Strong research-oriented Numerous spin-offs Famous Professors: Erasmus, Mercator, Vesalius Famous Alumnus: Herman Van Rompuy EuroSDR European Spatial Data Research Network (EuroSDR) – Not-for Profit Organisation (+ Member Organisation) – Linking National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies with Research Institutes and Universities – Aim: Applied Research in Provision, Management and Delivery of Spatial Data and Mapping Products – Technical structure: • Commission 1: Sensors, Primary Data Acquisition and Georeferencing • Commission 2: Image Analysis and Information Extraction • Commission 3: Production Systems and Processes • Commission 4: Data Specifications • Commission 5: Network Services http://eurosdr.net/ EuroSDR – Research & Dissemination Projects, Workshops, Taskforces Research Proposals NMCAs Rolling Research Plan + Scientific Meetings Research Organisations Reports Mapping Agencies together with Research Institutes Engagement with Standards and Specifications Organisations Transferring Results of Research to Mapping / Production Domain Leading in Calibration and Validation Initiatives Official Publications and EduServ Courses EuroSDR – The network idea • Form a network of GI experts within EuroSDR • Build and maintain alliances with neighbouring organisations in GI research, development and practice: – EuroGeographics – ISPRS, ICA, FIG, AGILE, OGC – INSPIRE – JRC, OGC Europe, ISO TC 211, CEN TC 287 – ... Relevant topics E-governance Coordination models Spatio-Time Modelling Geospatial Web Services Cloud Registries Imaging Sensors City GML Open Standards Open data Crowd-Sourcing UAV Data Archiving Mobile Laser Scanning Mobile Mapping 3D Cadastres Smart City Automated Change Detection Location EduServ pre-course seminars Year Host Organisation 2002 Aalborg University, Aalborg 2004 Budapest University, Budapest 2005 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2006 ITC, Enschede 2007 Charles University, Prague 2008 University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart 2009 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 2010 KU Leuven, Leuven 2011 ENSG, Paris 2012 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2013 CISM, Udine 2014 Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento 2015 Vienna University of technology Country Denmark Hungary Ireland The Netherlands Czech Republic Germany Norway Belgium France Ireland Italy Italy Austria / Trento 8 EduServ Courses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Integrated Sensor Orientation Automatic Orientation of Aerial Images on Databases Laser scanning & Airborne Interferometric SAR Digital Cameras/Sensors Co-ordinate Reference Systems and Transformations for Spatial Data Position Positional Accuracy Improvement in GI Databases Quality of Geospatial Data and Related Statistical Concepts Mapping with SAR Laserscanning for 3D city models CityGML Geometric performance of digital airborne cameras Schema matching, mapping and Laser scanning for Tree Extraction Assessment of the quality of Digital Terrain Models The INSPIRE Directive and its Implementing Rules Geodetic Reference Systems 3D Urban Modelling Radiometric performance of Digital Photogrammetric Cameras and Laser Scanners Open Standards & Open Source Web Mapping 9 Integrated use of airborne laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry High Density Image Matching EduServ13 • Pre-course seminar – BEV, Vienna, 9-10 March 2015 – Local host: Michael Franzen • e-learning courses: – Mapping using high-resolution satellite imagery (16 - 27 March 2015) Daniela Poli, Terra Messflug GmbH – Change detection in High-Resolution land use/cover geodatabases (7-17 April 2015) Clément Mallet, IGN France – RPAS in land survey – theory and practice (27 April - 8 May 2015) Görres Grenzdörffer, University of Rostock, Michael Cramer, University of Stuttgart – International standards for geographic information (8 -19 June 2015) Wolfgang Kresse, University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg 10 EduServ13 (spring 2015) 11 Objectives Presentation • • • • Role of spatial data for good governance Levels of good governance Conditions for good governance Propositions • INSPIRE 12 Expectation • What do you expect from the lectures of today? 13 1. Role of spatial data for good governance 14 Trend of governance (OECD, EGPA) • • • • • • Open Performance Accountability/Control Restructuring for fit for purpose Market type mechanisms within public sector Modernize personnel policies 15 From good government to good governance Criteria for good governance: • -performing policies and service delivery • -responsibility/accountability • -transparency • -rights and duties 16 Performing policies and service delivery Location schools and services(Kortrijk Location target groups (Wevelgem) region) Child care (Kuurne) Waste Water (Deerlijk) 17 Unoccupied houses (Wevelgem) Impact Tour de France (Deerlijk) Cemetaries (Avelgem) Roadworks (Wevelgem) 18 Levels of good governance -Corporate Governance: GI Agencies / GI Users/Producers -Holding Governance: Territorial/Functional -Public Service Governance: Public, Private, NGO, citizen -State Governance: Macro systems Three systems: NPM (market), NWS (Hierarchy), NPG (Networks) Macro/meso governance Private sector Private companies Public sector Supranational (incl. EU) National (nation) state NGO’s, citizen Organisations Sub-national (e.g. local) Task allocation at the public Sector What is the best task allocation scenario for GI-development? - Hierarchy - Market - Network 20 Hierarchy central government agency A agency B organization C organization D direct control (strict ex ante, structural and financial control) quasi-automatic coordination between agencies and organizations public sector 21 Markets central government agency A agency B organization C organization D indirect control (mainly ex post control) 'horizontal' 'spontaneous' coordination between agencies and organizations market creation®ulation and by government market public sector 22 Network Coordination = ne twork manage me nt + indire ct control (age ncy A - N) + se lf-coordination central government agency A agency B organization C organization D indirect control (mainly ex post control) 'horizontal' 'spontaneous' coordination between agencies and organizations network management by government network 23 public sector Spatial data infrastructures A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an • Shared network of organizations • to facilitate • the access, use and sharing of spatial data 24 SDI – network in Flanders (Belgium) 25 SDI-Flanders – network (2) Perceelsnetwerk Parcels network Roads network Wegennetwerk Adresnetwerk Address network Hydrography26network Hydrografienetwerk SDI – Chains F A D G B H C E Process step Organisation I SDI-Flanders – Chain Traffic accident registration 2. Conditions for good governance 29 GI-management development Organisations with Databases Databases with 30 Organisations First SDI-condition for good governance • Good governance requires: A shift from Organisations with databases to Databases with Organisations 31 Why is the obvious not obvious? CBA of GI : Costs: creating, transferring, collecting, processing, storing, making available, … Benefits: comparing, registering change, improved decisions, better allocations, transparency, responsibility/accountability, learning, ... CBA of the Performance of GI: Costs: immediate, allocated to specific organisation (for us), budgeted, not conditional Benefits: not always immediate, spread over organisations (for others), not always tangible, conditional Supply and demand • We technically have superior data and Geo Information • What about its use? 33 Supply and demand Bouckaert & Halligan (2008) Managing Performance, International Comparisons. Routledge, London, p. 113. Avoid frustration: Shifting from supply (availability) feeding demand (needs) to demand generating supply 34 SDI-Development + Community Techno-Centric Spatial data community Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature Socio-Technical Spatial data community People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature 35 Second SDI-condition for good governance • Good governance requires: Matching supply and demand -> more demand driven supply 36 Implementation • Classical domino dynamics are sequential: Technology/ Legislation/ Finance/ Organisation/ Service delivery 37 38 SDI performance in the Flemish Region SDIconfiguration geomatics standards public management data policy sociology organisational structures law rules and agreements economics funding and pricing SDIperformance access, use and exchange of spatial information in the business process + contribution to business process performance Spatial Planning Mapping Floods Traffic accident registration Address Management Performance results Spatial Planning Efficiency Address Accidents Maintenance registrations Flood risk mapping High Average Low High Use intensity Average / High Low Average High Sharing Average / High Low Low Average Success factors: - Degree of Standardisation - Open Privacy Attitude - Consistent Data Policy - Organisational data management integrated in work processes Legal framework in Flanders • 2 types of regulations – Facilitating the availability of spatial data – Limiting the availability of spatial data Governance framework in Flanders Pricing & Funding – Benefit Cost Analysis Examples 4:1 (AUS / Malaysia) / 23:1 (AT) / 30:1 (DK) – Funding • • • • • • • • • • • • • Direct Central Government funding – direct from citizens and private sector taxes Indirect Central Government funding – e.g. waiving of taxes Direct revenue – sale of products and services Sponsorship / advertising (e.g. via the geo-portal) Indirect revenue – from products and services related to spatial data e.g. real estate registration Partnerships: Government and Donor agencies joint funding partnerships (e.g. World Bank ); Donor agencies and private sector partnerships; Donor agencies, government and private sector partnerships; and Partnerships with international private sector Donor “gift” funding Private sector non-cash contribution e.g. services such as software development, advertising Special Bank / Special Loans Pricing & Funding – Pricing Policies • • • • • – Free Below price of provision Price of provision Price of provision ‘plus’: reproduction, distribution Price of provision and part of the maintenance costs Marketing Third SDI-condition for good governance • From sequential implementation • to parallel and simultaneous implementation • Requirement: multidisciplinary task force 45 Functional GI Governance Three challenges: • 1 Managing Databases with Organisations • 2 Demand-driven Supply • 3 Creating a multi-disciplinary Approach 3. Propositions 47 Staten-Generaal Annual event/meeting with key decision makers and GI-practitioners of Flanders (at different administrative levels) Subject: Sustainable Flemish SDI Nature: Mobilising, Steering Organisers: SPATIALIST, NGI, Flemish Services for Government Policy, Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities, AGIV Time: 1 December 2012 Location: Brussels, Academy Palace Number of inscriptions: 280 Voting COMMUNICATOR DISPLAY__________ CORRECTION ____ ______VOTING BUTTONS 49 YOU CAN CHOOSE ONLY ONE OPTION Proposition 1 THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATION INTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA HelemaalAGREE Eens FULLY 81% Eerder Eens AGREE 16% Noch Eens / Noch Oneens AGREE / NOT DISAGREE NOT 3% Eerder Oneens DISAGREE 0% HelemaalDISAGREE Oneens FULLY 0% Proposition 1 THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATION INTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA AGREE Helemaal Eens FULLY 81% Eerder Eens AGREE 16% / NOTOneens DISAGREE NochAGREE Eens / Noch NOT 3% Eerder Oneens DISAGREE 0% DISAGREE Helemaal Oneens FULLY 0% Proposition 2 THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON: de voorbereiding vanPHASE beleid OF POLICY MAKING PREPARATION THE 3% de bepaling van beleid DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 1% de uitvoering van beleid EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 4% de evaluatie van beleid EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 0% POLICY MAKING alle PHASES fasen vanOF beleid ALL 92% Proposition 2 THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON: de voorbereiding vanPHASE beleid OF POLICY MAKING PREPARATION THE 3% de bepaling van beleid DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 1% de uitvoering van beleid EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 4% de evaluatie van beleid EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING THE 0% POLICY MAKING alle PHASES fasen vanOF beleid ALL 92% Proposition 3 THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN: GratisFREE zijn FOR 67% Tegen transactiekostprijs BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE 21% Tegen integraleCOST kostprijs (inclusief verrekening BY INTEGRAL PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE van de investeringen) FOR INVESTMENTS) 9% Tegen marktprijs MARKET PRICE 3% Proposition 3 THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN: GratisFREE zijn FOR 67% Tegen transactiekostprijs TRANSACTION COST PRICE BY 21% Tegen integraleCOST kostprijs (inclusief verrekening INTEGRAL PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE BY van de investeringen) FOR INVESTMENTS) 9% PRICE Tegen marktprijs MARKET 3% Proposition 4 MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE: FREE Gratis zijn FOR 13% Tegen transactiekostprijs BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE 31% Tegen integraleCOST kostprijs (inclusief verrekening BY INTEGRAL PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE van de investeringen) FOR INVESTMENTS) 25% Tegen marktprijs MARKET PRICE 31% Proposition 4 MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE: GratisFREE zijn FOR 13% Tegen transactiekostprijs TRANSACTION COST PRICE BY 31% Tegen integraleCOST kostprijs (inclusief verrekening INTEGRAL PRICE (INCLUDING PRICE BY van de investeringen) FOR INVESTMENTS) 25% Tegen marktprijs PRICE MARKET 31% Proposition 5 THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT Helemaal Eens AGREE FULLY 5% Eerder Eens AGREE 15% / DISAGREE Noch Eens / Noch Oneens AGREE 36% Eerder Oneens DISAGREE 29% Helemaal Oneens FULLY DISAGREE 15% Proposition 5 THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT Helemaal Eens AGREE FULLY 5% Eerder Eens AGREE 15% / DISAGREE Noch Eens / Noch Oneens AGREE 36% Eerder Oneens DISAGREE 29% Helemaal Oneens DISAGREE FULLY 15% Proposition 6 THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS: het Europese THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL 38% het federale THE NATIONAL 19% het regionale THE REGIONAL 37% het provinciale THE PROVINCIAL 2% het lokale THE LOCAL 4% Proposition 6 THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS: het Europese EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL THE 38% het federale NATIONAL THE 19% het regionale REGIONAL THE 37% het provinciale THE PROVINCIAL 2% het lokale THE LOCAL 4% Proposition 7 THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL: het Europese EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL THE 13% het federale THE NATIONAL 43% het regionale THE REGIONAL 4% het provinciale THE PROVINCIAL 7% het lokale LOCAL THE 33% Proposition 7 THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL: EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL het Europese THE 13% NATIONAL het federale THE 43% REGIONAL het regionale THE 4% PROVINCIAL het provinciale THE 7% LOCAL het lokale THE 33% Proposition 8 In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for: rules,regels, laws, and working structures Duidelijke wetten en werkstructuren Clear 24% Concurrentieand en market marktwerking Competition 3% cooperation Diepgaandere samenwerking Profound 73% Proposition 8 In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for: rules,regels, laws, and working structures Duidelijke wetten en werkstructuren Clear 24% Concurrentieand en market marktwerking Competition 3% cooperation Diepgaandere samenwerking Profound 73% Proposition 9 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO: NieuweSPATIAL geografische gegevens NEW DATA 1% SPATIAL gegevens DATA Actuele geografische ACTUAL 31% SPATIAL DATA Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens STANDARDISED 26% SPATIAL DATA ACCESS Toegankelijke geografische gegevens EASY 31% DATA PRE-PROCESSING Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens SPATIAL 4% OF SPATIAL DATAgegevens DUPLICATION Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische AVOIDANCE 7% Proposition 9 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO: NieuweSPATIAL geografische gegevens NEW DATA 1% SPATIAL gegevens DATA Actuele geografische ACTUAL 31% SPATIAL DATA Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens STANDARDISED 26% SPATIAL DATA ACCESS Toegankelijke geografische gegevens EASY 31% DATA PRE-PROCESSING Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens SPATIAL 4% OF SPATIAL DATAgegevens DUPLICATION Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische AVOIDANCE 7%