Transcript Introduction to Cryptology and NW Security

CSE 511 Cryptology
and NW Security
Dr M. Sakalli
Marmara University
So much material cluttering information channels, I’ll
keep it lean, so that you can digest the main
concepts and the materials. M. Sakalli
As quoted in the lecture slides by Lawrie Brown,
and site: http://williamstallings.com/Crypto3e.html,
in chapter 1 of Introduction
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our
own readiness to receive him; not on the chance
of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we
have made our position unassailable. —The Art
of War, Sun Tzu
• Introduction
• Symmetric Ciphers

Classical encryption techniques, chaining, ECB, CBC, CFB,
OFB.. Message integrity or confidentiality.. Not both.


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Block ciphers and data encryption standard.
Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis.
Finite fields
Advanced encryption standard, Using block ciphers in real-world
Confidentiality, Random Number Generators.
• Public-Key Encryption and Hashing Functions



Introduction to number theory, public key cryptography RSA, Key
Management (Diffie-Hellman key exchange, 1976)
Massage authentication Cryptography and RSA
Hash, SHA and MAC management, whirlpool (adapted as AES).
Part 3-4 Applications
• NW Security
– Kerberos, X.509. Authentication prt over non-secure
NW.
– Email, PGP: signatures, certifying mail, privacy (via
encryption), S/MIME,
– IP Security, Web security SSL secure sockets Layer,
TSL Transport Secr L
• System Security
–
–
–
–
–
System security.
Intrusion detection,
Malicious software. DOS.
Firewalls.
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Security (WEP)
4
Layer by Layer
- i.e.
_________________
__________
| firewalls/VPNs |
| OS security | ________________
--|------------------|---------| virus protection |
| ______________________
|
---------|-----------------| | web security - SSL |
|
|
|
------- | -------------_____|_____________________|_________________|_________|_____
|
|
|
CRYPTO
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
• Midterm exam I: 30% (Friday, Oct. 24)
• Final exam:
40% (Tue, Dec. 9, 1:30pm)
• Assignments:
30%
• The later you submit your homework, the lower you will be marked.
From the statistics of Computer
Emergency Response Team (CERT)
Vulnerabilities reported
seems saturated by the
2002.
Weaknesses of OS, NWs,
isp, dns, routers.
From the statistics of Computer
Emergency Response Team (CERT)
The incidents reported
has increased, attacks
are sophisticated and
possibly automated and
causing greater amounts
of damage.
The OSI architecture
• The systematic approach of OSI security architecture,
compromises security in three stages implemented to
complement and be integrated with each other



Attack mechanisms
Defence mechanisms
The services
• RFC 2828:


Threats: are the possibilities of the breaching security rules.
An attack: is an assault and/or a deliberate action to inflict
damage on the other side.
Security Mechanisms (X.800)
• OSI specific security mechanisms:
– encipherment, digital signatures, access
controls, data integrity, authentication
exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
• Non OSI pervasive security mechanisms:
– trusted functionality, security labels, event
detection, security audit trails, security
recovery
Internet standards and RFCs
• The Internet society
– Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
– Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
– Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG)
Distributed Security, Digital and
Global Security
• Computer Security:
Internal and external
protection mechanisms
against attacks and
malicious applications..
• Network Security: LAN
and the ISP level.
• Web and Internet
Security: During
transmission between
routers, and there cyber
law to enforce the bodies
thwarting the hackers.
isp servers
isp servers
Security servers
NW backbone
Local and global Internet
WWW
Passive Security Attacks
• Eavesdropping: Shoulder surfing of typing or
recordings:
– 1487, from O.E. eavesdropper "place around a house
where the rainwater drips off the roof," from eave
(q.v.) + drip. Technically, "one who stands at walls or
windows to overhear what's going on inside.“
Alice
• Monitoring the traffic
– Capturing packets..
Eve
– Analyzing the traffic flows ..
• Solution is CRYPTOLOGY.
Bob
Active Security Attacks
• Intrusion by capturing messages:
– Preventing (DOS) the service,
– Interrupting..
– Impersonating, masquerading of one entity as
some other, modifying or replaying the previous or
fabricating new messages or viral attack..
• Enciphering, authentication and security protocols are
the solution..
Alice
Bob
Alice
Mallory
Mallory
Bob
By keeping the server
busy, difficult to obviate
• The main reason for cryptology is to hide for surviving:
protecting privacy, preventing intrusion.
– Secrecy, masking the message traffic can be visible, in the case
of data confidentiality evading passive attacks.
– Authentication, 1- Identity check of the peer entities, 2- data
origin auth, prevent interference and masquerading, not preclude
passive attacks. Certificates
– Integrity of the message: In connectionless service (assuring
that message is not altered), MACs, CRC..
– Nonrepudiation (undeniable producer or receiver).
• 1412, "repudiation," from L.L. repulsionem, noun of action from
repellere (see repel),.
– Oblivious transfer = without leaving any trace of inf transferred,
– Zero knowledge proofs = Prove possession of certain
information without conveying an ID..
• https… - "s" is for SSL
Model 1-Securing a communication channel
Transmitted
Plaintext, = PT
Plaintext, PT:
original message
Ciphertext: CT
disguised message
Encryption
(enciphering)
Key (cipherkey)
Decryption
(deciphering)
Possible PT
Key (cipherkey)
Model II- Network Access Security Model
Requires access control:
1) Selecting gatekeeper functions to identify users.
2) Security methodologies to authenticate users, to ensure
only authorised users can access to designated
information or resources.
3) Using trusted computer networks.
• Cryptology is the mathematics of
concealing messages by scrambling under
some constraints applied open cipher that
are..
– Applicable duration of the cipher..
– Space, physical environment.
Communications, Storage area..
– Complexity, vs simplicity, human factor..
– The cost..
• if both the encryption and decryption keys are the same,
then the method employed is symmetric... Otherwise
asymmetric.
• "Crypto graphy" = both Greek 'krypte graphic' meaning
hidden (or vault) + writing
• Cryptanalysis (cryptanalyst, cryptoanalyst) is the art of
cracking the codes.
• An adversary, eavesdropper, hacker, imposter..
• Cryptology = Cryptography + cryptanalysis..
• Cryptograms are roughly divided into Ciphers and Codes.
• Perfect security and entropic security. (Shannon), an
adversary does not have any information at all about the
secret which is equivalent to saying that the random
variable constituting the secret and the random variable
modeling the adversary’s knowledge must be
independent. H(x)=H(X|Y) for adversary, H(X|YK)=0 for
recipient.
Steganography and cryptography
•
BC 499. Histiaeus detained in Sasu island eagerly wanted to send a message to his
regent to revolt against to Persians. The only way he found was to shave the head of
his messenger, and (tattoo) write the message on his scalp, and then waited for the
hair to regrow. On reaching his destination the messenger, was instructed to shave
his head, so that Aristogoras the mayor of Miletus could read the message.
Herodotus.
•
•
an alternative to encryption
hides existence of message
–
–
–
•
using only a subset of letters/words in a longer message marked in some way
using invisible ink
hiding in LSB in graphic image or sound file
has drawbacks
–
high overhead to hide relatively few info bits
•
Watermarking.
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•
•
•
•
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Steganography
– “covered writing”
– hides the existence of a message
Cryptography
– “hidden writing”
– hide the meaning of a message
A very brief history
• Substitution cipher is the oldest cipher
• Secret key K is a table lookup: A --> C
• Breaking: Some single letter for example substituted for E,
will have the same frequency if the message is not too
short, then it’ll be easy to figure out which letter is
substituted for E, (or such), which is the occurring as
frequent asE, etc. Abu al-Kindi's "A Manuscript on
Deciphering Cryptographic Messages“..
• Vigenère (1523 - 1570)
• Rotor (1800 - 1950): WWII Enigma machine
• 1974: DES developed by IBM, 1st good cipher
• 1977: Diffie Hellman, public key crypto
• Symmetric ciphers: info theoretic approach (Shannon)
•
-- privacy against eavesdropping
•
-- make substitution cipher secure
•
-- one-time pad: very fast, key as long as message; why
is this secure?
Greek’s belt: Spartan skytale..
• In 405 BC: One of the earliest examples of
transposition crypt was used by Lysander of
Sparta. When the belt of messenger was wound
around a wood with a correct diameter, message
could appear.
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/decipherment_01.shtml
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•
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Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Jean-François Champollion, 1801.
Ra-me??-s-s..
Sun in coptic, sounds ra, and wind sound ss..
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Unsolved ciphers: Folger scripts after
1717ies.. Freemasonary
•
(http://www.canonbury.ac.uk/lectures/f
olger.htm)
The Adventure of the Dancing Men, one of the
Sherlock Holmes short stories by AC Doyle,
Detective solves it with frequency analysis. ““ELSIE
PREPARE TO MEET THY GOD””
Not deciphered yet related to a bank deposit wt a US
bank.
• Allegedly issued to a General Wang in Shanghai,
1933
• 300 Million $ transaction + 1.8 kg Gold bars?.. .
• MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS sent messages to
her supporters by using a weak cipher for her
assassinating Queen Elizabeth I, but the
messages were intercepted, and deciphered
with frequency analysis, and Mary executed
for treason in 1587.
• Johannes Trithemius
• 1499 Steganographia
• Polygraphia (1518) — the first printed book on
cryptography
• WWWII, German’s Enigma. Turing.
• Marian Rejewski, Bombe, Purple.