Transcript Old World Monkeys: The Cercopithecoids

The Anthropoids:
Monkeys, Apes & Humans
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Large body size
Large brains
Diurnal
Enhanced color vision
Live in social groups
Primarily fruit eaters
Dry noses
Divided into New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) and the
Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)
New World Monkeys, Cont.
Marmosets and tamarins
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Most primitive NWM
Very small
Claws
Insectivores/Gum
Use scent marking
Twin births
Monogamous pairs
Highly endangered
species
New World Monkeys
(Platyrrhines)
A. Characteristics
1. Found only in southern Mexico, Central America
and South America
2. Widely spaced, outward facing nostrils
3. Prehensile (grasping) tail
4. Three premolars (36 teeth total)
5. Almost exclusively arboreal
6. Quadrupedal
7. Capuchin monkeys use tools to crack nuts
Old World Monkeys
(Catarrhines)
A. Characteristics
1. Wide geographical distribution
2. Downward facing nose, closely spaced nostrils
3. Sexually dimorphic (differences in body/tooth
size between males & females)
4. Two premolars (32 teeth total)
5. Have “sitting pads” (ischial callosities)
Two main groups: The Cercoptihecines & the
Colobines
Old World Monkeys
(Catarrhines)
A. Cercopithecines = Baboons, Macaques, &
Guenons
1. Majority found in Africa
2. Omnivorous
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Cheek pouches to store food
3. Quadrupedal
4. Baboons most terrestrial
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b.
Quadrupedal
Large, complex social
groups called troops
Catarrhine (Old World)
Monkeys, Cont.
B. The Colobines = African colobus monkeys
and Asian langur monkeys
1. Leaf-eaters
a. Sharp cusped molars
b. Specialized stomach for digesting cellulose
c. “Banquet feeders” – stay in one place
2. Arboreal quadrupeds
Summary:
Differences between NWM & OWM
• New World Monkeys
 Flat, widely spaced nostrils
 Prehensile tails
 Three premolars (36 teeth)
 Mostly arboreal
• Old World Monkeys
 Downward pointing, closely
spaced nostrils
 Sitting pads
 Two premolars (32 teeth)
The Hominoids:
Apes & Humans
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Increased brain size & intelligence
Larger body size
Do not have tails
Increased social complexity
Possess rotating, suspensory shoulders that
allows arm-hanging & arm-swinging
(brachiation)
The Hylobatidae Family
(Lesser Apes)
A. Gibbons & Siamangs
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Inhabit southeastern tropical areas of Asia
Smallest of apes
Entirely arboreal
Move by brachiation
Highly frugivorous
Very vocal & territorial
Monogamous pair with dependent offspring
The Pongidae Family
(The Great Apes)
A. Orangutans: The Asian Ape
- Name means “person of the forest”
1. Found only in Borneo & Sumatra
2. Fully arboreal
3. Omnivorous; Use sticks to get termites or honey
(Sumatran orangs)
4. Pronounced sexual dimorphism
5. Solitary; do not live in social groups
6. Extremely endangered
B. Gorillas
1. Largest of all living primates
2. Live in forested regions across central &
western Africa
a. Lowland and Mountain gorillas
3. Marked sexual dimorphism
a. Males = 400 lbs.; Females = 150-200 lbs.
4. Vegetarian
B. Gorillas (Continued)
5. Quadrupedal knuckle-walkers when on
ground
6. Live in social groups
a. Dominant male silverback is leader
7. Mountain gorilla population = approximately
600
C.
Chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes)
1. Found in forests of equatorial
Africa
2. Live in large, fluid communities
a. Occupy a territory defended by males
b. Centered around bonded males
c. Females emigrate out when they reach sexual
maturity
3. Arboreal & terrestrial
4. Slight sexual dimorphism
C. Chimpanzees (Cont.)
5. Knuckle-walkers, brachiators, & sometimes
bipedal
6. Omnivorous
7. Hunt for meat
8. Make & use tools
D. Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
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Found only in the Congo
More slender than chimps
More arboreal than chimps
Large, fluid communities
a. Center around bonded males & bonded females
b. Can be female dominant
5. Less aggressive & excitable than chimps
D. Bonobos, cont.
6. More prone to bipedality
7. Sexual practices
a. Sex outside of estrus
b. Use to form alliances & gain acceptance
c. Use to restore harmony & relieve tension
E. The Hominids: Humans
1. Only living representative of Hominid family
2. Primate heritage evident in overall anatomy
& genetic make up
3. Teeth similar to that of apes
4. Vision/sight predominant sense
5. Flexible limbs, grasping hands
6. Omnivorous
What separates humans from nonhuman primates?
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Humans have culture – used as primary
means of adaptation
Humans can produce speech
Sex not confined to female’s most fertile
period
Humans are the only true habitual bipedal
mammals
Primate Family Tree
Anthropoids
New World
Monkeys
Prosimians
Old World
Monkeys
Cercopithecines & Colobines
Hominoids
Hylobatidae
(Lesser Apes)
Pongidae
(Great Apes)