Transcript INDUSTRIALIZATION AND WESTERN GLOBAL HEGEMONY

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
WESTERN GLOBAL
HEGEMONY
1750-1914
PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS
•
•
•
•
POPULATION GROWTH
EXPANSION OF MANUFACTURING
SURGE OF INVENTIONS
WWI
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE
WEST
Enlightenment thinkers challenged the
existing order and opened a gab between
intellectuals and established institutions.
They were joined by business people in
encouraging economic and technical change.
The huge population increase
– caused Upper-class families in an effort to
protect their more numerous children
tightened their grip on public offices.
• Business families were more willing to
take risks.
• Rural families were forced into the
proletariat.
• Stimulated a rapid expansion of domestic
manufacturing and consumerism.
Tide of Revolutions
1789-1830
• Political change did not keep up with
ideological and social change.
• Revolutions were breaking out all over.
• The ones discussed in this chapter
– American
– French
– Greek
– Belgian
– Italy , Germany, Austria, Hungary
American Revolution
• Issues
– Taxes
– Restricted trade
– Lack of free westward movement
– Young men turning on old leadership
– The desire to be governed by enlightenment
ideology
American Revolution cont.
•
•
•
•
Declaration of Independence
War of Independence 1775
Articles of Confederation
Constitution 1789 created the world’s most
radical society of the day
– Federal system
– Checks and Balances
– Bill of Rights
• Slavery was still allowed
French Revolution
• Background to Revolution
– Began 1789
– There were long range and immediate forces
– Long range = condition of French society
based on inequality
• Divided into three orders or estates
The estates
– First estate = 130,000 clergy
• Exempt from France’s
chief tax
– Second estate = 350,000
nobles
• Held many of the leading
positions in the state
• Had many of their own
privileges
– Third estate = the
commoners (98%) of the
population
Third Estate
• Divided by differences in occupation,
education and wealth
– Peasants – still obligated to landlords
– Artisans, shopkeepers – hurt by inflation
– Bourgeoisie = 8 % of population; owned 20%
of the land
• Merchants, teachers and other professionals;
unhappy about the privileges given to the nobles.
Overlap of Resentments
• Both aristocrats and members of the
middle class were drawn to the political
ideas of the Enlightenment.
Problems of the Government
• Immediate cause of the French Revolution was
the near collapse of the government’s finances.
–
–
–
–
Suffered a series of crises for 50 years
Number of poor reached 1/3 of the population
Poor lived in absolute squalor
French government continued to spend lavishly on
wars and court luxuries.
– Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the EstatesGeneral, which had not met since 1614.
From Estates-General to National
Assembly
• Each order of French society had
representatives
• Having the most members the Third
Estate wanted to set up a constitutional
government that would abolish the tax
exemptions of the clergy and nobility.
• This estate would always be out-voted
since each estate had a vote.
Third Estate continued
• This estate wanted for each member to
have a vote, which would obviously sway
the advantage to this estate.
• The king upheld the traditional system.
• So the estate called itself a National
Assembly and decided to draft a
constitution.
• They were locked out of their meeting
place.
• So they met at
the tennis court
next door and
swore to
continue
meeting until
they had
finished
drafting a
constitution –
Tennis court
Oath
Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to
Take
1. Impossible demands made of government
which, if granted, would mean its end.
2. Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress
revolutionaries.
3. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united.
4. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel
among themselves, and unity begins to
dissolve.
5. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to
satisfy those who insist on further changes.
Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to
Take
6.
Power is gained by progressively more radical
groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost
complete control.
7.
A strong man emerges and assumes great
power.
8.
The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth”
by introducing their whole program and by
punishing all of their opponents.
9.
A period of terror [extreme violence] occurs.
10. Moderate groups regain power. THE
REVOLUTION IS OVER!
• The National
Assembly was
threatened by
the kings
forces so the
commoners
saved them by
storming and
dismantling the
Bastille.
• The kings authority collapsed as local
revolutions broke out over France against
the land holding system.
This Peasant Revolt became known as the Great Fear.
The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt
(July 20, 1789)
Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were
sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage
their land.
The Path
of the
“Great
Fear”
The Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the
Bourbons + the RED &
BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!
The Tricolor is the Fashion!
The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge
Revolutionary Symbols
Cockade
Liberté
La Republic
Revolutionary
Clock
Revolutionary Playing Cards
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen
August 26,
1789
V Liberty!
V Property!
V Resistance to
oppression!
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen
• Proclaimed freedom and equal rights for
all men, access to public office based on
talent and an end to exemptions from
taxation.
• All citizens were to have the right to take
part in the making of laws.
• Freedom of speech and press were
recognized.
Olympe de Gouges
• Wrote the Declaration of Rights of Woman
and the Female Citizen to show that
women did not accept exclusion. She was
ignored by the Assembly.
• But women would have a large hand in the
revolution.
• Women
escorted the
king back to
Paris and got
him to accept
new decrees.
He and his
family were
held like
prisoners.
Demotion for the Church
• The National Assembly seized and held
the lands of the Church.
• Bishops and priests were to be elected by
the people and paid by the state.
• Many Catholics became enemies of the
revolution.
Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution
& the National Assembly. 1791
Sir Edmund Burke (1790):
Reflections on the Revolution in France
The conservative response
to the French Revolution
How to Finance the New Govt.?
1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the entire
revolutionary period.
2. Print Assignats
V
V
Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.
Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as
security.
Depreciation of the Assignat
V Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain
privileges in the purchase of church land.
V The state would retire the notes as the land was
sold.
V They began circulating as paper currency.


Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99%
of their value ultimately].
Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors
with cheap money.
Constitution of 1791
• Set up a limited monarchy with a king and
a legislative Assembly with the power to
make laws.
• Only the most affluent members would be
elected. Only me over 25 who paid a
specified amount in taxes could vote.
• The old order was destroyed by the new
order, still all classes were hurt by
economic bad times.
Other Monarchs offer Help
• Rulers of Austria and Prussia threatened to help
Louis XVI so the Legislative Assembly declared
war on Austria.
• France lost the battles with Austria and distrust
began to grip France.
• Radicals formed the Paris Commune and
instigated a mob attack on the royal palace and
legislative assembly.
• They captured the king and demanded the end
of the monarchy.
Power to the Paris Commune
• Called themselves sans-culottes or
ordinary people without fancy clothes
• Were comprised on the working people
and the poor as well as merchants and
artisans who were the elite of their
neighborhoods.
Move to Radicalism
• Minister of Justice, Georges Danton,
sought revenge on those who had aided
the king and resisted the popular will.
• Thousands of people were arrested and
massacred.
• Jean-Paul Marat published a radical
journal Friend of the People.
– Said the poor had a right to take from the rich
whatever they needed, even by violence.
National Convention of 1792
• Purpose – to end the monarchy an
establish the French Republic.
• Disagreement over the kings fate within
the Jacobin political club
– Rural Girondins
• Wanted to keep the king alive
– Urban Mountain
• Wanted the king beheaded.
• This group won – they used the guillotine
• Paul Marat was a Mountain.
• He was killed by Charlotte Corday, a
Girondin. (Stabbed in his bath tub)
• Parts of France refused to accept the rule
of the convention.
• Execution of the king brought a coalition of
Spain, Portugal, Britain to invade France.
French Response
• The National Convention formed the 12 –
member Committee of Public Safety, led
first by Danton and then by Maximilien
Robespierre.
– Robespierre was known as the “Incorruptible”
• But then came the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
• From 1793-1794 The Committee of Public
Safety and the National Convention tried
to defend France from foreign and
domestic threats.
• Revolutionary courts prosecuted enemies
of the revolution
• Close to 40,000 people were killed.
• Anyone who opposed the sans-culottes
could be victims.
• Revolutionary armies were sent to subdue
rebellious cities.
• Lyon was made an example of as some
1,880 citizens were executed and much of
the city destroyed.
• In Nantes victims were executed by
sinking them in barges in the Loire River
• Only 15% were clergy and nobles, the rest
were middle class and nobles.
National Assembly
• Established a military school to train young men
to be patriots.
• Expected to be enthusiastic, but most just
wanted to go home. Many turned against the
assembly.
• The committee called the new order the
Republic of Virtue, a democratic republic of good
citizens.
– Citizen and citizeness used
– Agents were sent all over France to implement laws
dealing with the wartime emergency.
• Schools were established to produce good
citizens
• tried to establish price controls on
necessities - failed
Women
• 1793 Society of Revolutionary Republican
Women – they were ready to defend
France
• Most men continued to believe that
women should not participate in politics or
fight.
De-Christianization Policy
• The word saint was removed from street
names and churches were closed.
• Notre Dame was rededicated as a “temple
of reason”
• A new calendar was adopted.
– Years were numbered from the first day of the
French Republic and not from Christ’s birth
– There were 12 months with three weeks of 10
days, the tenth day a day of rest (to eliminate
Sundays.)
A Nation in Arms
• 1793 – Universal mobilization
• September 1794 France had an army of
1,169,000. and pushed the countries invading
France back across the Rhine and conquered
the Austrian Netherlands.
• The French Revolutionary army changed the
nature of modern warfare and was an important
step in creating modern nationalism.
– Before smallish armies fought wars between
governments and ruling dynasties
– After it was a people’s army fighting a people’s war on
behalf of a people’s government and warfare became
more destructive.
• By summer of 1794, France defeated its
foreign foes.
• Robespierre was obsessed with ridding
France of its domestic enemies.
• Many deputies of the National Convention
feared Robespierre and they executed
him.
• The Terror ended and the more radical
Jacobins lost power.
The Directory
• Another new constitution reflecting the desire for
stability was created.
• The Constitution of 1795 established a
legislative assembly of two chambers
– Council of 500
• Created a list of possible directors
– Council of elders
• Chose 5 directors from the list created above
– Electors chose 750 legislators
– Sounds good but this government was corrupt and
had a big mess to clean up from the previous period.
The Coup d’etat
• The Directory had political enemies from both
royalists and radicals.
• It could not solve the country’s economic
problems
• Was fighting wars begun by the Committee of
Public Safety.
• The Directory was relying more and more on
military might to stay in power.
• In 1799 there was a sudden overthrow of the
government- led by the popular general
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Real Gilligan’s Island
The “Republic of
Virtue” Style
The Napoleon Show
using the
Muppet Theme