Ancian Greece and its Legacy - Fairfield

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Transcript Ancian Greece and its Legacy - Fairfield

-Ancient Greece and its Legacy

• • Greek city-state (polis) central to political, social, religious, economic & military life.

Agora (marketplace) = where people would assemble to participate in “free speech” (birthplace of

democracy.)

Greek Society

• People had common identity & goals. Strong sense of loyalty (patriotism) combined rights with responsibilities.

A. Adult males = citizens with political rights.

B. Women & children = citizens with no political rights.

C. Foreign residents & slaves = non-citizens.

Evolution of political power in some polis, such as Athens:

– Oligarchy supported & ruled by aristocrats – Tyrants seized power by force. Supported by rich traders & poor peasants, not by aristocrats.

– Democratic government for, of and by all adult male citizens.

Check for understanding

• Who had all the rights in Ancient Greek Society?

*Sparta was a “military state.”

• • Males were trained under spartan conditions. Age 7 boys sent to military school, fed “black broth.” Age 20 mandatory military service. Age 30 had right to vote & live at home with wife, but remained in army.

Age 60 retired from military.

Infants with physical disabilities killed

(infanticide.)

•

Women

Females had similar physical training but stayed home to prepare to be strong mothers who would tell their sons “come home from

battle either carrying your shield… or on it!”

Spartan oligarchy

• had two kings & a council of elders (28 citizens age 60+) • Closed society =

xenophobic (feared & hated foreigners & their customs.)

•

Athens

had a powerful navy & was center of the golden age of Greek culture.

• • •

Reform of Government

Economic crisis led to reform-

minded aristocrats (i.e. leaders who were willing to make changes.)

Solon canceled land debts & freed farmers from slavery. Many still did not own land & couldn’t vote.

Cleisthenes reformed assembly to a Council of 500, elected by ALL male citizens.

Golden Age Athens =

461-429 B.C.

• (Pericles was leader.) Many citizens served in public office, art & architecture prospered, education important • (academics & philosophy

“school of Greece.”)

Check for understanding

• White Board: – List 2 changes brought b Pericles • Discuss with partner how Athenian and Greek society were different

• •

“Big Three” philosophers (S.P.A. =

Socrates, Plato & Aristotle)

1. Socrates = worked to improve human understanding. “Socratic method” = question/answer discussion that asks “Why?” Socrates known as the “gadfly,” questioned authority & was sentenced to death!

• •

2. Plato

Founded “The Academy” school of philosophy & was a student of Socrates. He wrote The Republic describing an “ideal state” of 3 groups: – 1. Philosopher-kings 2. Warriors 3. Common men & women.

•

3. Aristotle

3. Aristotle = Student of Plato. Developed “scientific method” of observation and investigation (i.e.

research.)

• “Renaissance Man” of the ancient world. Wrote on many topics, including Politics that concluded a constitutional government was best.

• • • •

LEGACY of Greeks on Western Civilization:

a. Government = democracy, equal rights & responsibilities of male citizens & critical of “idiotes” –

(self-centered, apathetic, non-contributors to society.)

b. Philosophy = individualism, reasoning, wisdom, ethics.

c. Science = rational research based on observations & investigations.

d. Arts = sculpture, architecture, music, poetry, literature, architecture (outdoor

amphitheaters staged dramas.)

Check for understanding

• White board : – List one way we see Greek influence I our society • Discuss: – One thing Each guy in SPA contributed.

“Rulers & Gods”

• • early civilizations believed leaders appointed by God(s) or were deities themselves, who assistance.” ruled with “divine Greeks consulted oracles (priestesses who

spoke for the gods.)

• •

“Young People In Ancient Greece”

Spartan boys subjected to harsh discipline in military barracks (clothing = only one robe per year, slept on beds of rushes, rarely bathed, had to steal to eat & severely beaten.

Spartan girls received discipline & physical training to develop strong mothers, but allowed to stay home.

Athenian Children

• • • Athenian children nurtured by mothers. Boys were well-rounded individuals educated in P.E. and in academics, philosophy & music.

At 18 boys officially became citizens of Athens. girls remained at home to learn domestic skills – in wealthy families were taught other subjects.

Check for Understanding

• • How were Athenian Children treated Different than Spartan Children (Discuss with partner)

•

Alexander The Great becomes

•

Emperor 330 BC controlled all Greece

Ended Greek Democracy Did Spread Greek ideas around the World – Philosophy, buildings, and gov system

Alexander The Great’s Empire

ROME

Roman Republic – leader not a

monarch, some citizens had right to

vote, lasted 5 centuries

• • •

Roman Society

Patricians = large landowners, ruling class Plebeians = small landholders, craftspeople & businesspeople Chief officers: – consuls (ran govt. & led army) – Praetors (judges of civil law for

citizens & non-citizens)

• • • •

Roman Government

Senate = 300 landowning advisors served for life & gave critical advice to officers (had

force of law.)

Centuriate assembly (important

people’s assembly, dominated

by rich) = elected chief officials Council of the plebs (plebeians only) = represented rights of majority of citizens vs. patricians. Tribunes became officials who had power to protect plebeians.

• • Who were the two main officers in Charge?

List the two organizations that worked under this Group?

• Discuss What American Government body this looks similar too.

Rome 287 B.C.

• • • all male citizens equal in theory, but wealthy patricians & plebs dominated.

Roman law evolved from Twelve Tables (basic agrarian laws), to laws for rural & urban citizens, to Law of Nations, including non citizens (universal law based upon

reason.)

Standards of justice = innocent until proven guilty, right of defense against accusations, judges to be

impartial.

• •

Roman Empire

– ruled over entire Mediterranean region, led by powerful emperor.

Caesar Augustus = victorious over rivals, created the empire, ordered a census be taken

• How is an Empire Different than a Republic?

A.D. 14 – A.D. 180 = Pax Romana

(order & protection of law, trade flourished, roads expanded)

• • Efficient administrators over one of largest, ancient empires Extended citizenship to non Romans (integrated cultures)

• • • •

Spreading Roman Culture

City planning, architecture, engineering throughout Empire Latin language = basis of FIVE Romance languages (Italian,

Spanish, Portuguese, French,

Romanian) Romans grafted their culture onto the intellectual heritage of Greeks (Greco-Roman

tradition)

–

(see chart of Greek and Roman Gods, p. 150)

Empire spread new religion of Christianity.

• List Three ways Rome Spread its culture and Influence

III Spread of Christianity and Islam

• •

Christianity

Jesus = Jewish teacher & preacher – (eg. Golden Rule “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you”.) Love fulfills expectations of the Law & Prophets (transformation of the inner

person.)

Jesus’ claims to be Messiah/Christ was controversial to Jewish leaders & viewed as a potential – crucifixion at Hebrew authorities.

revolutionary

threat to Roman powers.

Roman leader Pontius Pilate ordered request of some

• • • • Followers of Jesus claimed his death was fulfillment of prophecy, – die for sins of all people & rose from the dead (resurrection.) Early Christians were Jewish, but Gentiles were converted through missions of Paul (Saul) Romans tolerated other religions if didn’t threaten public order.

Romans expected to honor Roman gods & worship emperor, – Christians refused = punishable by death (cruel deaths of martyrs)

• • What Religion did Christianity Come from?

What key point separates it from its original religion?

• • • • Emperor Nero, ruled from A.D. 54 68, began persecution of Christians (blamed for great Rome fire) Periods of persecution but numbers of Christians grew Roman religion was impersonal for good of state Christianity was a personal faith that promised eternal life. Everyone was equal

before God.

Christian communities formed to worship God, care for others & have a

sense of belonging.

Constantine became the first Christian Emperor of Rome.

• • Constantine A.D. 313 “Edict of Milan” issued = legalized Christianity.

Theodosius the Great made Christianity the official state religion of Rome (other religions =

illegal!)

476 A.D. Roman Empire collapsed

• • Western Roman Empire: Collapsed but left its Church “Roman Catholic Church” Eastern Roman Empire Continued: – It would be called the Byzantine Empire

• •

2 Churches

Roman Catholic Church headquarters are in Rome (the Vatican) and head is pope (Western

Europe)

Eastern Orthodox Church headquarters in Constantinople (Istanbul) & head is patriarch

(East. Europe)

• Which Emperor hated the Christians and which Became a Christian himself?

Islam = submission to Allah (one true

God.)

• • • Muhammad (the Prophet), born in Mecca (Makkah) in Arabian Peninsula.

Quran (Koran) teachings of Muhammad.

Muslims believe in teachings of Hebrew Bible, along with Jews & Christians

• • • A.D. 622 Muhammad escaped from angry polytheists by fleeing from Mecca to Medina (Madina) = starting event of Muslim calendar (lunar calendar, crescent moon symbol) Five Pillars of Islam: (belief, prayer, charity,

fasting, pilgrimage)

Ramadan, 9 th month, holy month of fasting & prayer to commemorate Muhammad receiving words of the Quran from Allah.

• What are the five pillars of Islam • Which can be seen in our society?

• • • •

Spread Of Islam

Islam spread quickly, united Arabia, spread through South Asia & North Africa through holy wars (jihads.) Arab Empire, internal divisions, conquered by the Mongols in A.D. 1258.

Western civilization evolved into democratic governments with freedom of religion and separation of church & state.

Islamic civilization traditionally has been theocratic = Islam & government closely connected (not separated as in the

“West.”)

IV

Middle Ages (Medieval Period) of Europe (circa, 5

th -14 th centuries A.D.)

Crusades

• • During Middle Ages, European crusaders sent to fight Muslims for control of “Holy Land”(Palestine) Martyrs = people persecuted for their faith.

• •

A.D. 800 coronation of King Charlemagne by Pope Leo III.

Holy Roman Empire (pope was Roman, but Charlemagne was German) = new civilizations based upon: 1. Legacy of Rome, 2. German traditions, 3. Catholic Church.

• • Where were the Crusaders from?

Who did they attack and why?

• Centralized control weakened after

Charlemagne

feudalism = local control by numerous lords, gave land to knights & knights protected serfs.

who

England = High Middle Ages

( most advanced medieval period, c. A.D. 1000-1300)

• 1066 William of Normandy (France) defeated King Harold (England) & was crowned king in London.

• He ruled w. combination of Anglo-Saxon (English/German) & Norman (Scandinavian/French)

Power of English monarch expanded even further under Henry II.

• Strengthened royal courts, which gave rise to common law that applied to all English (vs.

local laws)

–

Common law- laws based on tradition

• • • • •

Magna Carta (Great

Charter) 1215

Lords rebelled vs. a weaker King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great

Charter)

Limited power of the kings in writing (vs. absolute power or divine right of kings) = gave rights to lords, eventually interpreted to also include common people.

Provided right to trial by jury Principles of common law and Magna Carta were adopted by American colonies.

• • Under Feudalism what rights did peasants have?

List 2 key changes brought by the magna Carta

• • • • •

English Parliament

started during reign of Edward I

Monarch would consult parliament, especially when money was needed.

Upper House = House of Lords (nobles & church officials) Lower House = House of Commons (knights & townspeople) Parliament would vote to approve new taxes, debate politics & pass laws.

Both monarch & parliament shared power, but parliament became dominant through victorious battles over the king’s forces.

• • • •

Europe in High & Late Middle Ages

High Middle Ages = productive farming methods, growth of cities, more trade between peoples Strong leadership of popes Gothic cathedrals, intellectual growth & formation of universities.

Late Middle Ages = European disasters (c. A.D. 1300 to early

1400s.)

Bubonic Plague (Black Death) killed 1/3 of all Europeans! – Less trade, constant war, unstable governments, decline of Church.

• With a partner discuss how the share of power changed from the first kings to the creation of parliament.

• • •

Renaissance

Renaissance = rebirth of Greek & Roman culture that began in Italy, Intellectuals & artists stressed importance of

individual

–

(classic impact on modern Western Civil.)

Human worth led to a new spirit of optimism and inspiration for excellence

•

Leonardo da Vinci

(“Renaissance man”) = painter, sculptor, architect, inventor & mathematician.

• • • • •

Religious Reformation

intellectual revolution = raised questions about Catholicism Protestant Reformation = new branch of Christianity in Europe Martin Luther = German Catholic monk, openly questioned many church practices (95 theses) 1520 summoned before emperor & church officials in Worms to answer to charges of

heresy.

Defended all of his writings based upon Scripture & upon human reasoning.

• Protestants were __________________ the ______________ Church.

Protestant churches

• • • (Lutheran, Calvinist, etc.) quickly spread throughout Europe Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth Catholic & Protestant forces prepared for “religious” battle.

World Religion

• Local Religions: • • • • • • Australia = Aborigines had no deities.

Ancestor heroes created the work during “Dreamtime.” Belief in spirits of nature.

Africa = Various animist (tribal) religions, south of the Sahara desert.

Belief in spirits and one supreme creator.

• • Japan = Shinto believers worship “kami”

(sacred spirits take forms of nature.)

Worship ancestors and emperor. (Shintoism = found only among Japanese people.) • • • North America = Navajo religion must be practiced in the geographical area surrounded by the four sacred mountains of the American Southwest.

Hogans (dwellings) constructed to symbolize their land and religion.