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By Angel
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Akon
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An aurora is a colorful glow that appears in the sky at night.
Most auroras appear in the far northern and southern parts of
the world.
Auroras in the northern part of the world are called the
northern lights.
The colored lights appear as curved lines, clouds, and streaks.
Some auroras move or get brighter or flicker suddenly.
The most common color in an aurora is green, but sometimes
auroras are red or purple.
Auroras form when the solar winds reach the Earth.
The solar winds are a flow of particles, or tiny bits of matter,
from the sun.
The particles in solar winds contain electrical energy.
When these particles strike other particles that surround the
Earth, energy is released. Some of this energy appears in the
form of auroras.
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A comet is a huge object in space that is made of
ice and dust.
 It moves around the sun in a long, oval path.
 The head of a comet is like a dirty snowball.
 A comet also has one or two tails that appear
when it gets near the sun.
 The sun's heat turns some of the ice into gas.
 The gas and bits of rock stuck in the ice form the
comet's tail.
 Some comet tails are up to 100 million miles (160
million kilometers) long.
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Meteors are bright streaks of light that appear for a very short time
in the sky.
They are often called shooting stars or falling stars, because they look
like stars falling from the sky.
The brightest meteors are sometimes called fireballs.
A meteor appears when a meteoroid -- a piece of hard material -enters the Earth's atmosphere from outer space.
The Earth's atmosphere is all of the air that surrounds our planet.
Air rubs against the meteoroid and heats it. This makes it glow.
Most meteors glow for only about a second before they leave a shining
trail. Meteoroids usually break up into tiny pieces before reaching the
Earth.
Meteoroids that reach the Earth are called meteorites. Meteorites
reach the Earth because they are the right size to travel through the
atmosphere.
Most meteorites are quite small, about the size of a pebble.
Millions of meteors enter the Earth's atmosphere every day.
At certain times every year, the Earth meets a number of clusters of
tiny meteoroids. At such times, the sky seems to be filled with a
shower of sparks. This is called a meteor shower.
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An eclipse is the darkening of a planet, moon, or star. This
darkening is caused in one of two ways.
It can be caused when the shadow of one planet or moon
falls on another planet or moon.
Or, it can be caused when one planet or moon moves in
front of another to block its light.
The light of the sun causes both Earth and the moon to
throw shadows into space.
This causes two kinds of eclipses, a lunar eclipse and a solar
eclipse.
A lunar eclipse takes place when the moon gets dark as it
passes through Earth's shadow. The moon does not become
completely dark during most lunar eclipses. In many cases,
it becomes reddish.
A solar eclipse takes place when the moon blocks the light
of the sun. This makes the shadow of the moon pass across
Earth. The moon may darken all or part of the sun.
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The sun is a huge, glowing ball of gases at the center of the
solar system.
The Earth and the other eight planets travel around the
sun.
The sun is only one of billions of stars in the universe, but
it is more important to people than any other star.
Without the heat and light of the sun, there could be no
life on the Earth. Sunlight affects the weather of an area.
The temperature of any place on the Earth depends on
where the sun is in the sky.
Tropical areas near the equator, an invisible line around
the middle of the Earth, have a hot climate because the sun
shine almost directly overhead at noon.
Areas near the North Pole and the South Pole have cold
weather because the sun never rises very high there.
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Stars are huge balls of glowing gas in the sky.
The sun is a star. It is the only star close enough to the Earth to look like a ball
to us.
The other stars are so far away that they look like tiny dots of light. But even
though they look small to us, stars are very big.
Some of them are 1,000 times bigger than the sun. Stars shine because they
give off energy.
Deep inside, a gas called hydrogen is changed into gas called helium. As it
changes, it gives off energy.
The star then gets very hot and gives off light.
Stars have different temperatures and sizes. As a result, some stars are
brighter than others, and they have different colors.
Some stars look yellow, like the sun. Others glow blue, white, or red. Stars
seem to twinkle because we see starlight through the moving layers of air that
surround the Earth.
Stars shine all day and night, but we can see them only when the sky is dark
and clear.
Scientists think there are about 10 billion trillion stars.
Stars are not spread out evenly in space. They are in groups called galaxies.
The sun is in a galaxy called the Milky Way. People have studied the stars for
thousands of years.
The scientific study of stars is called astronomy.
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The constellations are groups of stars we can see in the
night sky.
The word constellation can also mean the part of the sky in
which one group of stars is seen.
Astronomers, or scientists who study the stars, have
divided the sky into 88 areas, or constellations.
We often use Latin names for constellations. Latin was the
language of the ancient Romans.
Long ago, the people of early civilizations studied the night
sky. They saw groups of stars that seemed to form shapes
or patterns. Finding picture-shapes in the constellations
made it easier to find one group of stars among the
thousands of stars in the sky.
They named the star-groups after animals, gods, and
characters in stories. For example, they named one
constellation Leo, a Latin word meaning lion. They named
another constellation Andromeda, after a heroine in an old
Greek story. They also saw and named the constellations
Orion, the Hunter, and Ursa Major, the Great Bear.
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Hebe
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A supernova is an exploding star that can become billions of times as bright as the sun before gradually
fading from view.
At its maximum brightness, the exploded star may outshine an entire galaxy.
The explosion throws a large cloud of dust and gas into space. The mass of the expelled material may
exceed 10 times the mass of the sun.
Astronomers recognize two types of supernovae -- Type I and Type II. Type I supernovae probably occur
in certain binary stars.
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A binary star is a pair of stars that are close together and orbit about each other.
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A Type I probably occurs in binaries in which one of the stars is a small, dense star called a white dwarf.
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If the two stars are close enough to each other, the gravitational pull of the white dwarf draws mass from
the larger companion.
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When the white dwarf reaches a mass about 1.4 times that of the sun, it collapses and then explodes.
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A Type II supernova results from the death of a single star much more massive than the sun.
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When such a star begins to burn out, its core quickly collapses.
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Tremendous energy is suddenly released in the form of neutrinos (a type of subatomic particle) and
electromagnetic radiation (electric and magnetic energy). This energy causes the star to erupt into a
supernova.
Most supernovae reach maximum brightness a few days after they occur and shine intensely for several
weeks. Some fade within months. Others fade over a period of years.
Supernovae also differ in the amount and composition of the material that they expel.
Supernovae can also leave behind different types of objects. After some supernova explosions, there
remains a small, dense star composed mainly of neutrons or perhaps of elementary particles called
quarks.
After other explosions, an invisible object called a black hole may be left behind. A black hole has such
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A black hole is a region of space whose gravitational force is so strong that nothing can escape from it. A
black hole is invisible because it even traps light.
The fundamental descriptions of black holes are based on equations in the theory of general relativity
developed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. The theory was published in 1916.
The gravitational force is strong near a black hole because all the black hole's matter is concentrated at a
single point in its center.
Physicists call this point a singularity. It is believed to be much smaller than an atom's nucleus.
The surface of a black hole is known as the event horizon. This is not a normal surface that you could see or
touch.
At the event horizon, the pull of gravity becomes infinitely strong. Thus, an object can exist there for only an
instant as it plunges inward at the speed of light.
Astronomers use the radius of the event horizon to specify the size of a black hole. The radius of a black hole
measured in kilometers equals three times the number of solar masses of material in the black hole. One
solar mass is the mass (amount of matter) of the sun.
No one has yet discovered a black hole for certain. To prove that a compact object is a black hole, scientists
would have to measure effects that only a black hole could produce.
Two such effects would be a severe bending of a light beam and an extreme slowing of time. But
astronomers have found compact objects that are almost certainly black holes.
The astronomers refer to these objects simply as "black holes" in spite of the small amount of uncertainty.
According to general relativity, a black hole can form when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel and is
crushed by its own gravitational force.
While a star burns fuel, it creates an outward push that counters the inward pull of gravity.
When no fuel remains, the star can no longer support its own weight. As a result, the core of the star
collapses. If the mass of the core is three or more solar masses, the core collapses into a singularity in a
fraction of a second.
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The Aurora Borealis above Bear Lake
Aurora australis in Antarctica
Northern lights over Calgary
Aurora australis (September 11, 2005) as
captured by NASA's IMAGE satellite
Comet Hale-Bopp
Comet West
A "Quasar" Black Hole.