Transcript Contents

The 10th European
Manning & Training Conference
On recent developments in
maritime education and training
in Croatia
Boris Pritchard
Damir Zec
Pavao Komadina
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007

“The main objective of MET … is … halting
and eventually reversing the trend towards
the European seafarer becoming an
“endangered species”.
Günther Zade,
METNET, Final Report, 2003
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
MET in Croatia: a brief historical survey
Education and certification of seafarers:
meeting international and national
requirements
Accreditation issues
National vs. international stakeholders in
the maritime industry and education
Conclusions
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
1. Introduction
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The concept of MET – an important aspect of
shipping
Education and training of seafarers:
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STCW levels: management, operational, support
MET levels – academic, professional, vocational,
specialized
MET institutions: university, college, academy,
polytechnic, secondary, in-house
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Pressure of opposing
requirements & standards by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Shipping industry
Maritime administrations
Safety at sea
Environmental protection
National employment policies
Social security
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Officers and crew
Recent developments:
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Recruiting: from shipping companies to crewing
agencies
MET: From flag state to main stakeholders
Institutional requirements on professional
competences (IMO, EU)
Transport technology, IT, communications
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
2. MET in Croatia – a historical survey
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Beginnings – 16th cent.: Dubrovnik, Hvar,
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common cross-Adriatic development
shipboard training
19th cent. - World War I:
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steady growth of Croatian fleet & shipbuilding under
Austrian imperial rule,
Maritime Administration in Trieste,
railroad links: Vienna-Rijeka, Budapest-Rijeka, etc.
free ports & towns
First MET institutions (Bakar, Dubrovnik – 1849)
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
2. MET in Croatia – a historical survey
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1918 – 1945: relative industrial stalemate but steady
growth of MET system
Post World War II
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Fast growth of shipping & shipbuilding
Numerous secondary vocational schools offering MET
Nautical / maritime academies (Rijeka 1949): HND /
Associate in Science Diploma in maritime studies
University MET (Maritime colleges & faculties) – Rijeka
1978, Split, Dubrovnik, Zadar: BSc degrees, MSc degrees,
PhD
Role of MET in the development of the maritime industry
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
3. Education and certification of seafarers
in Croatia: meeting international and
national requirements
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MET system in Croatia – pioneering role in
adjusting to the challenges of:

modern shipping technology
 transport and seborne trade
 trends on the world maritime labour market
 professional and social demands on MET
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Croatian MET vs world trends and
projects in MET
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METHAR – EU (1999 - 2001)
METNET – EU (2001 – 2003/4)
GLOMET – IAMU (2002-2005)
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
METHAR (Harmonization of European
Maritime Education and Training Schemes)
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Considerable differences in MET systems
across European maritime nations
Identified MET problems and solutions:
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Maritime employment dependent on competitiveness
through quality and mobility
Increase of navigational safety, marine environment
protection, and efficiency of sea transport through
better MET
FMS Rijeka – participated in several EU MET projects
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METNET (Thematic NETWork on Maritime
Education, Training and Certification)
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The ‘4E’ concept:
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1stE: ESSENTIALS
2ndE: EXTENSION
3rdE: ENRICHMENT
4thE: ELEVATION
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‘1E’: ESSENTIALS
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MET programmes, which cover the minimum
requirements of the STCW
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
‘2E’: EXTENSION
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the extension of MET programmes beyond
STCW Convention requirements. It is still
confined to shipboard knowledge and
competence. As such, it represents nondegree MET.
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
‘3E’: ENRICHMENT
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Enrichment normally qualifies MET as
degree MET and
provides a basic qualification for
employment on board and in shore-based
maritime industry and
a better appreciation of shore-based
requirements that can also benefit from
shipboard experience.
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
‘4E’: ELEVATION
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An Elevation programme is offered to
students with 3E MET.
It leads to an MSc or MBA degree, an even
PhD programmes.
An Elevation programme should be directed
to a more specific qualification for work in the
maritime industry ashore
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
METNET Conclusions - 1
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the duration of school time is not relevant from the
point of view of STCW 95.
“The Convention determines minimum
requirements for standards of competence which
should normally be demonstrated through
examination and/or assessment independent of the
school time required for acquiring the necessary
knowledge and skills” (from METNET Final Report).
In some countries the duration of studies
corresponds to that for university degrees and a
substantial number of subjects may then be added
to STCW 95 subjects.
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
METNET Conclusions - 2
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in most countries, including Croatia, MET
requires a school time of about three years
(BSc degree obtainable from maritime
academies or university colleges)
with some exceptions of four or five years
for countries with university level MET
traditionally, the school time for deck officers
is not uniformly defined.
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
GLOMET (A Study of Global Maritime
Education and Training Systems) –
Commonalities:
 The offer of four-year 3E one-step MET programmes in the deck
and the engine specialization leading to OOW certificates of
competency and a BSc or equivalent academic degree.
 The offer of MET for both employment on board and the maritime
sector ashore.
 Students are mostly 17 or 18 years old when they begin MET and
have completed a general education that also meets admission
requirements to other national universities.
 Member institutions are supervised by a national maritime transport
authority and a national higher education authority.
 Quality, students, teaching and learning are highest priority
commitments of member institutions.
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
GLOMET (A Study of Global Maritime
Education and Training Systems) – the
differences:
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About two thirds of the member institutions operate
training vessels and about one third offer also nondegree MET.
The institutions which are independent slightly
outnumber those which are departments of larger
units
MET institutions in the world operate under different
names (independent maritime universities,
faculties, colleges, academies, professional /
vocational school of higher/further education, etc.)
but they all offer degree programmes of studies
and (less frequently) non-degree programmes
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
GLOMET – general conclusion
taken as a whole,
the commonalities of basic
features of the MET systems studied
by far outweigh the differences.
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
“Double E”: Extreme Excellence
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STCW minimum knowledge and skills
4 year B.Sc. academic degree
highest Maritime English and general English proficiency
high tech capabilities, including computer science
maritime security leadership in all respects
maritime and international law
business (even MBA)
logistics and management
environmental protection
leadership disciplines
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Summary of approaches to MET
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the minimalist STCW-based approach
supported by crewing agencies and some
minor shipowners mainly engaged in shortsea and coastal trade
the systematic approach advocated by the
EU as ‘4E’ concept described above, and
the elitist system taking the ‘4E’ concept to
the extreme
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Croatian MET:
– recent approaches & trends 1
1.
Equivalent to EU ‘3E’ concept -
Associate Diploma in Maritime Transport,
BSc Degree in Maritime Transport
for STCW 78/95 – operational & management level
– unlimited trade
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offered by four maritime faculties/colleges/univ.
departments (Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Split, Zadar)
further or higher education: student age: 19-22
yrs
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Croatian MET:
– recent approaches & trends 2
2. a parallel system of MET based on the
secondary vocational / maritime training
school certificate for basic officer
certificates (OOW Deck 500 GT or OOW
Engine Room 1500 kW) for top-level
positions in limited trade
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offered by six maritime vocational training schools
secondary education - student age: 15-19 yrs
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Figure 1 Approaches to MET and IMO STCW 95 Certification in Croatia
Nautical school
(4y)
Secondary school
(except nautical)
(4y)
Apprenticeship
(1y)
Maritime faculty
(at least 2y)
Examination
(OOW CoC)
Apprenticeship
(1y)
Examination
(OOW CoC)
Maritime faculty
(at least 2y)
Sea service
OOW
(1y)
Sea service
OOW
(3y)
Sea service
OOW
(1y)
Examination
(Master)
Examination
(Master)
Ch. Mate
CoC
Sea service
( OOW 2y) or
(Ch. Mate 1y)
Sea service
OOW
(3y)
Ch. Mate
CoC
Master
Sea service
2y) or
The CoC
10th European Manning (&OOW
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(Ch. Mate 1y)
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Master
CoC
Most recent trends
1.
2.
Further or higher education is no more a
requirement for school time
Holders of secondary vocational (maritime)
training school vertificates can qualify and
are eligible for STCW 95 certificates
(operational and management level)
provided, however, that:
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STCW sea service time requirements are met
and supplementary STCW certification
courses/exams are successfully passed
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
New industrial and institutional
requirements – adjust to:
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technological changes in shipping and transport as a whole,
institutional changes imposed mainly through the IMO STCW
Convention,
advancements in the national educational system placing ever
higher minimum demands on professional qualifications (e.g.
associate diploma or higher national certificate/diploma in
maritime transport, for deck and engineering officers as legal
prerequisites for obtaining Certificates of Competency on the
operational and management levels), and
transitional changes in the nineties in the national economy
(corporate changes, reduction of the market, etc.) and structural
changes in the economies of the countries of Central Europe
mainly served by the Croatian maritime industry.
The 10th European Manning & Training
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The Bologna processes & MET - 2
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meeting the requirements of the maritime trade
immediate job qualifications
mobility of programmes, students, instructors
comparability by means of a system of accreditation
competitiveness of courses,, MET institutions
the “3(-1) + 2” MET system:
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shipboard duties (3-year full BSc degree course
or 2 year ‘associate diploma’ in further education
respectively) and
shore-based positions (BSc degree)
the ‘4E’ MET system – MSc and PhD courses – joint
course of studies for all Croatian higher MET institutions
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
4. Accreditation issues
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Comparability
Monitoring & evaluation of Croatian MET
Open issues
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Monitoring & Evaluation of Croatian MET
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Only a few EU states have adopted and
implemented a comprehensive ECTS-based system
of monitoring and evaluation of students’
performance
Most EU states have announced and shown their
programmes (websites) in terms of ECTS – i.e.
credits assigned to the complete programme (180),
each year (60) and individual courses (Dubrovnik,
Rijeka, Split, Zadar)
The system of credits is not always the same
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Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Still unclear:
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What contents is covered by each credit?
What are the methods of assessment?
Mutual recognition of certificates / diplomas /
degrees
How to establish the networking between EU
and other MET institutions in order to
increase the efficiency if MET
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
5. National vs. international stakeholders in
the maritime industry and education
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The European/Croatian seafarer – an
endangered species
Decline of interest in seafaring – impact on
owners –
Labour cost (officers): EU vs ‘third’ countries
enrollment in MET lower than study places
(marine engineers!!!)
Lack of concentration - the Croatian Maritime
University?
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
Reasons
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increased attractiveness of the shore-based careers,
thus diminishing the former advantage of
comparably higher wages in shipboard employment;
“unwillingness of qualified young people to join an
industry with a bad image in socio-psychological
conditions for shipboard personnel.”
separation from the family (though only temporary)
and being deprived of a private life of own choice,
decreased quality of life on board, primarily as a
consequence of shortened lay times in ports and
followed by a number of other sociological reasons.
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
6. Conclusions
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Change of circumstances (economic, technological,
social) over the last two decades
Proactive measures needed: (e.g. Croatian Ministry
of the Sea & Transport, ...)
Make sea careers more attractive
Make studies / programmes at MET more adaptable
to the requirements of the owners
Offer academic & vocational courses
Concentrate MET resources & institutions
Reverse the negative trends (a requirement on all
stakeholders
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007
THANKS!
University of Rijeka
Faculty of Maritime Studies
Boris Pritchard
[email protected]
www.pfri.hr
The 10th European Manning & Training
Conference, Dubrovnik, 23th & 24th May 2007