Transcript PILOT TEAM OPERATIONS - Lee County, NC Land Search Team
ADVANCED LAND NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES SSG. Scott
PURPOSE
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor under any conditions.
REASON
To expose the student to several well proven land navigation techniques so that they are able to expand on the basic knowledge already developed and apply them on the ground to move through varying terrain and conditions to reach an objective.
CLASSROOM CONDUCT
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If you have a question… ask it.
If you feel sleepy, stand up.
No tobacco of any kind (SWC policy).
Can drink.
Wait till break to use bathroom.
AGENDA
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Employ eight basic Land Navigation Techniques
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Plan a Land Navigation Route
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Determine distance
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Navigate by dead reckoning
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Orient a map to the ground
THE EIGHT BASIC LAND NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES
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Check Points
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Attack Points
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Deliberate offset
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Steering Points
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Bypass Obstacles
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Handrails
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Backstops
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Search Patterns
CHECK POINTS
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A defined, easily identifiable feature on the map and on the ground.
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Used to confirm location during movement.
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Linear is better.
X
CHECK POINTS
X
ATTACK POINTS
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A well defined, identifiable feature on the map and on the ground.
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Best if within 500 meters of the target.
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Greater accuracy to find target.
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Proceed on a deliberate azimuth.
ATTACK POINT cont.
TARGET ROAD JUNCTION ATTACK POINT
X
START POINT
DELIBERATE OFFSET
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A planned magnetic deviation.
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Used when approaching a linear object.
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Good when aware of drifting.
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REMEMBER: 18 meters drift for every degree of offset, for every 1000 meters traveled.
DELIBERATE OFFSET
X TGT. PT .
HWY 501 OFFSET AZIMUTH TRUE AZIMUTH X
STEERING POINT
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Any well defined point which is easily visible.
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Can be man made or natural.
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Allows the navigator to stay on azimuth.
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Do not have to stay “buried” in the compass.
STEERING POINT
BYPASSING OBSTACLES
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Used when the terrain is impassable.
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Ideal for an unexpected obstacle.
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Must be bypassed systematically.
BYPASSING OBSTACLES
BIG MUDDY LAKE 90` 100 meters 90` ORIGINAL AZIMUTH & PACE COUNT 90` 0` OR 360` AZ.
90` 100 meters
HANDRAILS OR BOUNDARIES
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Controls drift
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Easily identifiable terrain feature or object
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Prevents constant compass and map checks
HAND RAILS
TARGET ROAD JUNCTION START POINT
BACKSTOPS
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Linear terrain feature used to prevent overshooting your target
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May be an obvious change in elevation
BACKSTOP
BACKSTOPS
X
SEARCH PATTERNS
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Used at the end of a pace count to find the objective
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Systematic search pattern
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There are many search techniques
END OF PACE COUNT SEARCH PATTERNS cont.
Backstop
CHECK ON LEARNING
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What is a check point?
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A well defined identifiable feature on both the map and the ground that is used to confirm distance and location
CHECK ON LEARNING
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What is a deliberate offset?
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A planned magnetic deviation to the left or right of an azimuth
CHECK ON LEARNING
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When would you use a search pattern?
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At the end of a pace count to find the objective
ROUTE SELECTION
ROUTE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Systematic Approach
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Plot start and end point
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Plot straight line from start to end point
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Analyze terrain and look for easiest route
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Establish boundaries and handrails
ROUTE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS cont
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Create and plot check points along your “easy” route
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For each check point, plot distance, azimuth, and understand the terrain you will be covering
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For your attack point, plot distance, azimuth, understand the terrain to the target, and know your backstop
TERRAIN CONSIDERATIONS
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OACOK
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Detour vs. Climb or Draw
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Ground cover
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Draw crossing
OTHER PLANNING CONSIDERING
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Deliberate offset method
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Steering point
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Bypassing obstacles
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Search patterns
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Effects of the terrain
END POINT 1. Plot each point three times.
2. The most direct route is not always the best.
START POINT
1. Avoid the draws.
2. Energy vs. Time 3. Stay on high ground as much as possible 4. Smooth is fast, fast is economy of motion END POINT START POINT
ROUTE CORRIDORS
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Travel through corridors Find a feature on the right that you will definitely know… And DO NOT cross it !
End Point
RIGHT BOUNDARY
Start Point
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Find a feature on the left that you will definitely know…
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And DO NOT cross that either !
End Point
LEFT BOUNDARY
Start Point
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Find a feature past your point that you will definitely know..
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And STOP when you get to it.
Attempt to get it within 100 meters after your point BACKSTOP
End Point Start Point
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Always use boundaries Travel inside your corridor as fast as you can while remaining oriented END POINT START POINT
ROUTE PLANNING
DETAILED ROUTE PLANNING
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Do the paper work before the leg work Write your plan in detail on paper Stay on high ground as much as possible Avoid the draws Make enroute check points
TRAVELLING THROUGH YOUR CORRIDOR
THE GOLDEN RULES
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Always look cool Remain calm and in control Panic shuts down your ability to reason Always know where you are and what you are doing
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Know why you are taking this route and where you are going to
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If you don’t know where you’re at or what you’re doing, stay cool When you know you’re lost… STOP Stay calm and use your head
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If you can’t figure out your location, back track to your last check point.
CHECK ON LEARNING
What terrain factors affect your route planning?
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OACOKA
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Detour vs. Climb
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Ground cover
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Draws
KNOWING WHERE YOU ARE
COMPASS AND PACE COUNT
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Always trust your compass, it always points North.
Always trust your pace count. (backstop your pace count with one of several methods and check points.
Many different ways to keep count, use the one that works for you
PEBBLE METHOD
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Place a pebble in the left or right pocket every 100 meters.
Start pace count over every 100 meters.
Once you arrive at the end point, each pebble equals 100 meters.
ROPE METHOD
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Use A piece of suspension line.
Length of line based on distance needed to travel.
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Every 100 meters, tie a lose knot in the suspension line.
DETERMINING DISTANCE
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To determine the distance traveled when it is less than 100 meters…
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Add two zeros at the end of the pace count.
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Divide this number by your pace count.
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The product will equate
EXAMPLE
You have five pebbles in your left pocket at your end point, you also have a remaining pace count of 48 steps How far have you gone?
SOLUTION
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5 Pebbles = 500 meters 48 paces (add two zeros) = 4800 Your pace count = 120 4800 divided by 120 = 40 meters Total distance traveled is 540 meters
TERRAIN COUNTDOWN
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Use terrain countdown to verify position Use your detailed plan and don’t deviate from it
CONDITIONS THAT EFFECT PACE
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Elements Wind Visibility Clothing
CONDITIONS THAT EFFECT PACE cont.
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Slopes Surface terrain
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Vegetation
AZIMUTH
DEAD RECKONING
A method of navigation that requires the ability to determine a direction and to stay on that azimuth until the objective is reached.
DEAD RECKONING cont.
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Compass Pace count Ideal for navigation during periods of limited visibility, through thick vegetation, and while moving over featureless terrain
DEAD RECKONING cont.
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Use Center Hold technique Look at compass frequently during travel
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Stay on azimuth until the check point is reached Use steering points when possible
LINE OVER ARROW METHOD
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Align North seeking arrow with desired azimuth Turn bezel ring to line up the luminous line with the North seeking arrow’s luminous line
ORIENT THE MAP TO THE GROUND
MAP AND TERRAIN ASSOCIATION
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Method in which the navigator pre-selects certain major terrain features that appear on the map and on the ground.
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Movement is regulated by these features.
Used in areas where there are distinct terrain features.
MAP ORIENTATION
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Align left side of compass with magnetic azimuth.
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G-M angle
MAP AND TERRAIN ASSOCIATION
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From a known location, orient the map using a compass.
Move out on your pre-selected route.
Keep track of distance.
Compare the ground location with the map.
CHECK ON LEARNING
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How do you orient a map with a compass?
Can a map be oriented without a compass?
BUSTING DRAWS
DRAWS Always do Inventory Before Busting a Draw Never Do a Map Check in a Draw Always do inventory after Busting a draw
END POINT START POINT
NICE TO KNOWS
COMPASS USAGE 1. Only use the compass for general heading in the corridor.
2. Follow a direct compass heading from your attack point 3. Wear your compass correctly to maximize time 4. Make sure it is working before you walk
COMPASS USAGE 1. Only use the compass for general heading in the corridor.
2. Follow a direct compass heading from your attack point 3. Wear your compass correctly to maximize time 4. Make sure it is working before you walk
TIME SAVERS 1. Map accountability 2. Thumbing 3. Hand railing
Review 1. Plot 3 times 2. Trust your Pace Count 3. Trust your Compass 4. Always use Left and Right Boundaries 5. Always use a backstop 6. ALWAYS, ALWAYS, ALWAYS….Use attack points