Transcript Document
Comparing Equality Through
Performance Data - Hocus,
Pocus or Just Misunderstood
Kevin Morris
Market Director, Water and Wastewater
Overview
• Provide insight into the function of
ASTM tests for coatings
• Discuss the use of ASTM test
results for comparing equality
• Discuss the role of marketing with
regards to performance testing
• Introduce options
ASTM Tests
• Not intended to provide numerical
comparison
• Provide reasonable, reproducible,
determinations
• Numerical comparison should only
be made when testing identical
systems, at the same time, in the
same lab, by the same technician.
• No Pass/Fail Criteria Provided
Section Titles of Interest
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scope
Summary of Test Method / Practice
Significance and Use
Apparatus
Test Specimens
Conditioning
Procedure
Section Titles of Interest
• Calculation
• Report
• Precision and Bias
Precision Terms
• Calculated by the ASTM Interlaboratory Study
Group (ILS)
• Repeatability- maximum difference between
measurements within lab
• Reproducibility- maximum difference between
measurements between labs
• Repeatability or Reproducibility = 2.8 X standard
deviation
• Can be in raw units or raw units/average to provide
a percentage
• Percentage term referred to as variance
• Calculations assumes a 95% confidence
ASTM D 4060-10
• “Abrasion Resistance”
– Section 14 – Precision and Bias
• 1000 cycles
– Within Laboratory – 26% Variance
– Between Laboratories – 53% Variance
– Dependent on Coating Type
» 5 generic coating types listed
ASTM D 4541
• “Adhesion”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• “This test method maximizes tensile
stress as compared to the shear stress
applied by other methods, such as
scratch or knife adhesion, and results
may not be comparable.”
– Section 4.2 – Significance and Use
• “Variations in results obtained using
different devices or different substrates
with the same coating are possible.”
ASTM D 4541
• “Adhesion”
– Section 5 – Apparatus
• General Knowledge of how the tester
operates
– Section 6.2 & 6.7 – Test Preparation
• “Since rigidity of the substrate affects
pull-off strength results…..”
• “Scoring around the fixture violates the
fundamental in-situ test criteria that an
unaltered coating be tested.”
ASTM D 4541
• “Adhesion”
– Section 10 – Precision and Bias
• General Knowledge
– Table 6 – Precision and Bias
• Maximum acceptable variance ranges
from 18% - 76% depending on variables
such as:
– Type of tester
– Intra-laboratory Vs. Inter-Laboratory
ASTM B 117
• “Salt Fog”
– Section 3 – Significance and Use
• 3.2 “ Prediction of performance in natural
environments has seldom been
correlated with salt spray results when
used as standalone data.”
– Section 7.1.1 – Position of
Specimens During Exposure
• The test provides a range of angle to the
vertical of 15 to 30 degree.
ASTM B 117
• “Salt Fog”
– Section X3.8 – Precision and Bias –
Steel Panel Test
• Data exists for bare steel panels only
– Reference Article – “Don’t Pass the
Salt”
• Proves that as long as 16 years ago the
industry was promoting the issues with
salt fog testing for coating durability.
ASTM D5894
• “Corrosion Weathering”
– Section 3 – Summary of Practice
• General knowledge of test
– Section 4.1 – Significance and Use
• “The outdoor corrosion of painted metals
is influenced by many factors, including:
corrosive atmospheres, rain, condensed
dew, UV light, wet/dry cycling, and
temperature cycling. These factors
frequently have a synergistic effect on
one another.”
ASTM D5894
• “Corrosion Weathering”
– Section 4.1 Con’t – Significance and Use
• “This practice is intended to provide a more
realistic simulation of the interaction of these
factors than is found in traditional tests with
continuous exposure to a static set of
corrosive conditions.”
– Section 4.2 – Significance and Use
• “Results obtained from this practice can be
used to compare the relative durability of
materials….”
ASTM D5894
• “Corrosion Weathering”
– Section 4.3 – Significance and Use
• “No single exposure test can be specified as
a complete simulation of actual use
conditions in outdoor environments.”
– Section 4.5 – Significance and Use
• “This practice is used to compare the
relative performance of materials tested at
the same time in the same exposure
device.”
ASTM D5894
• “Corrosion Weathering”
– Section 4.6 – Significance and Use
• “This practice has been found useful for airdry industrial maintenance paints on steel
but its applicability has not yet been
assessed for galvanized substrates.”
– Section 7.4 – Significance and Use
• “Methods that may be useful for evaluating
the corrosion of the specimen are Test
Methods D 610, D 714, and D1654…..”
ASTM D5894
• “Corrosion Weathering”
– Section 10 – Precision and Bias
• “A cooperative test program is underway
….”
ASTM D2794
• “Impact Resistance”
– Section 1.2 – Scope
• “This test method should be restricted to
testing in only one laboratory when
numerical values are used because of poor
reproducibility of the method.”
– Section 5.1 – Significance
• “….this test method for impact resistance
has been found to be useful in predicting the
performance of organic coatings for their
ability to resist cracking caused by impacts.”
ASTM D2794
• “Impact Resistance”
– Section 12 – Precision and Bias
• The acceptable variance of this test
method ranges from 28% - 280%
depending on the following:
– Intrusion or Extrusion (Direction of impact)
– Inter-laboratory or Intra-laboratory
ASTM D522
• “Flexibility”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General information
– Section 5.1.1 & 5.1.2– Test Specimen
• These dictate the specimen type,
thickness and size depending on the
purpose for utilizing this test.
– Percentage of elongation
– Resistance to cracking
ASTM D522
• “Flexibility”
– Section 11 – Precision and Bias
• Only for elongation
• The acceptable variance for this test
method is:
– 6% elongation, Intra-Laboratory
– 15% elongation, Inter-Laboratory
ASTM D3363
• “Pencil Hardness”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General Information
– Section 3.1 – Summary of Test
Method
• Two results can be obtained from this
test method:
– Pencil Hardness
– Scratch Hardness
ASTM D3363
• “Pencil Hardness”
– Section 4 – Significance and Use
• General Information
• “It should be recognized that the results
obtained may vary between laboratories
when different pencils as well as panels
are used.”
– Section 5 – Apparatus
• Scale of hardness
– Softest = 6B
– Hardest = 6H
ASTM D3363
• “Pencil Hardness”
– Section 7 – Procedure
• General Information
– Section 9 – Precision and Bias
• The acceptable variance of this test
method is:
– Intra-Laboratory = 1 Hardness Unit
– Inter-Laboratory = 1 Hardness Unit
ASTM D870
• “Immersion”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General Information
– Section 3 – Summary of Practice
• General Information
– Section 4.2 – Significance and Use
• “A coating system is considered to pass
if there is no evidence of water-related
failure after a specified period of time.”
ASTM D870
• “Immersion”
– Section 7.6 – Procedure
• “Wipe test specimen dry. Rate specimens
for change in color, blistering, etc. Evaluate
specimens no less than 5 min and no more
than 10 min after removal from test, ….”
– Section 7.6.1 – Procedure
• “If possible, rate specimens again after they
have been removed from the test for a
recovery period …12 to 24 h is generally
sufficient.”
ASTM D4585
• “Moisture Condensation
Resistance”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General Information
– Section 3 – Summary of Practice
• 3.3 “Testing may be conducted at
temperatures from 100 to 180 F.”
– Section 5.3 – Apparatus
• “Specimens shall be inclined from 15 to
75 degrees from the horizontal ….”
ASTM D4585
• “Moisture Condensation
Resistance”
– Section 7.3 – Procedure
• “Vapor temperatures of 100, 120, or 140
F are suggested. Other temperatures
may be used provided that the
temperature is reported …. To ensure
adequate condensation, maintain at
least 20 F temperature differential
between the room and the vapor.”
ASTM D6694
• “Thermal Cycling”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General information
– Section 3.1 – Summary of Methods
• General Information
– Section 11 – Precision and Bias
• “The numerical precision of this method
is good; however, performance
requirements shall be specified in terms
of comparison ….”
ASTM D4587
• “UV Resistance”
– Section 1.1 – Scope
• General Information
– Table 1 – Test Cycles Commonly
Used
• Typical Uses
–
–
–
–
Cycle #1 - Automotive Coatings
Cycle #2 - Industrial Maintenance Coatings
Cycle #3 - Exterior Wood Coatings
Cycle #4 - General Metal Coatings
ASTM D4587
• “UV Resistance”
– Section 4 – Significance and Use
• “Variation in results may be expected when
different operating conditions are used.
Therefore, no reference to the use of this
practice shall be made unless accompanied
by a report …. That describes the specific
operating conditions used.”
– Section 8.3 – Procedure
• Describes the requirements for repositioning
ASTM D4587
• “UV Resistance”
– Section 9.4.2 – Periods of Exposure
and Evaluation of Results
• “If a standard or specification for use
between two or three parties requires a
defined property level after a specific
time or radiant exposure in an exposure
test conducted according to this practice,
base the specified property level on at
least two independent experiments run
in each laboratory to determine the
reproducibility….”
ASTM D4587
• “UV Resistance”
– Section 11 – Precision and Bias
• “The repeatability and reproducibility of
results obtained in exposures conducted
according to this practice will vary with
the materials being tested, the material
property being measured, and the
specific test conditions and cycles that
are used.”
ASTM D695
• “Compressive Strength”
– Section 1.1 & 1.2 – Scope
• General Information
– Section 4.2 – Significance and Use
• General Information
– Section 13 – Precision and Bias
• Inter-Laboratory variance = 875 – 3045
psi
ASTM D4141
• “EMMAQUA” or “Q-trac”
– Section 1 – Scope
• General Information
• Procedure C – Fresnel Reflector Rack
Exposure
– Section 4.1.2 & 4.3.2 – Summary of
Practice
• 4.1.2 – describes the reflector rack
• 4.3.2 “Procedure C is designed to simulate
weathering on both automotive and
nonautomotive products.”
ASTM D4141
• “EMMAQUA” or “Q-trac”
– Section 5 – Significance and Use
• 5.1 “As with any accelerated test, the
difference in rate of weathering is
material dependent and no single
exposure factor can be used to compare
two different weathering exposures.
• Typically measured in MJ/m2 of
ultraviolet radiant exposure.
Correlation Between Tests
• There can be a correlation between
results obtained on a single product
with certain test methods. Most of these
connections are fairly common sense,
when a minor understanding of the test
method is obtained.
• Some are much more difficult to
understand the correlation if a
correlation exists at all.
Rank Order Correlation of Accelerate Exposure vs.
Exterior
Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology, JCT, 1993
Rank Order Correlation of Accelerate Exposure vs.
Exterior
Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology, JCT, 1993
Rank Order Correlation of Accelerate Exposure vs.
Exterior
Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology, JCT, 1993
Marketing
• “For business to business marketing it
is creating value, solutions, and
relationships either short term or long
term with a company or brand. It
generates the strategy that underlies
sales techniques, business
communication, and business
developments.”
*Source - Wikipedia
Marketing Performance
Results
• Perceived competitive advantages may drive
the sales techniques of one company over
another.
• Communicating value based on incomplete
stories may provide one with a false sense of
security.
• Business development or product
development may no longer provide the best
value to the end user but may generate
greater margins based on perceived value.
Avoiding the Hocus, Pocus
• There are no hard and fast rules but one
should consider the following:
– Decisions about product selection should
be grounded in reality and proven with
verifiable case histories.
– Look to standards that utilize a variety of
industry standards to provide pass/fail
criteria.
– Utilize organizations that develop standards
through industry roundtables, like SSPC.
SPPC Paint Performance
Examples
• Paint 20- Zinc Rich Primers
OZ (Type II): 1000 hours SF, No Rusting, No Blisters, No
Undercutting at the scribe
IOZ (Type I): 3000 hours SF, No Rusting, No Blisters, No
Undercutting at the scribe
Note: Coatings that fail salt fog may perform well under actual service
conditions. Coatings that pass salt fog may perform poorly under actual service
conditions.
• Paint 22- Epoxy Polyamide Paints
Adhesion: 3 Trials = Average of 400 psi minimum
Salt Fog: 500 hours, Minimum rust grade rating of “8”, Blistering
shall be no more than blister size No. 4, few.
SPPC Paint Performance
Examples
• Paint 36- 2K Weatherable Aliphatic
Polyurethane Topcoat
Level 1
QUV Accelerated Weathering, 500 hours
South Florida Exposure, 12 months
Level 2
QUV Accelerated Weathering, 1000 hours
South Florida Exposure, 24 months
Level 3
QUV Accelerated Weathering, 2000 hours
South Florida Exposure, 48 months
Minimum Performance Criteria
Gloss Loss = <30 units; Color Change <2.0 Δ E, C.I.E.
L*A*B*
Summary
• Utilization of the needs of the project will
ensure the best value to the owner and will
continue to support a competitive bid
environment.
• While ASTM test results state what, when, and
how; they do not govern what a manufacturer
publishes as a result.
• Marketing practices play very heavily into the
positioning of physical performance test
results to provide a competitive advantage.
Reference Documents
• JPCL May 2010 – “The Dark Side
of Misreading the Relevance of
Coating Testing”
• JPCL March 1997 – “Don’t Pass
the Salt (FOG)”
Questions?
Kevin Morris
Market Director, Water and Wastewater
103 Nutwood Drive
Jamestown, NC 27282
Office: +1-336-454-4741
Cell: +1-336-307-5048
Email: [email protected]