Transcript European Integration

European Integration
Dr. Tatiana Romanova
School of International Relations
St. Petersburg State University
Tallinn, March 2010
Day 1
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Structure of the course, course
requirements and assignments
What is European integration
History of European integration (1950spresent)
Structure of the course
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What is European integration
History of EI
Theories of EI
Institutions of the EU
Economic integration
Justice and home affairs
Course Requirements
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BA: test
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Multiple choice (French system)
Open questions
MA: test + essay
European Integration?
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What is Europe:
multiple
definitions
Geography
2 “problems”:
- Russia
- Turkey
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European Integration?
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What is Europe: multiple definitions
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Cultural definition:
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Greek democracy
Roman law
Christian values
2
“problems”:
- Russia
- Turkey
Political definition (the so-called Copenhagen
criteria of the European Union): respect of the rule
of law, democracy, human rights and market
economy
27 MSs
6 waves of
enlargement
European Integration?
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Integration – construction of a new entity with
transfer of some competences to a higher level
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Supranationality in economic integration
Pooling of
sovereignty
in economic
integration
But intergovernmental
relations in
other areas
PROCEDURES!!!
European Integration?
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Integration is “the process whereby
nations forgo the desire and ability to
conduct foreign and key domestic
policies independently of each other,
seeking instead to make joint decisions
or to delegate the decision-making
process to new central organs.”
Lindberg
European Integration?
International
organizations
EU
Combines the attributes of the two
States
European Union as of 1992
Common
institutes
(EU institutions), divergent
competences of the EC, member-states
and institutions and interrelations between them, procedures
Common
Cooperation
Foreign
and
Three
in the field
Security
European
of Justice
Policy and
Communities
and Home
Common
Affairs
Defence
Member-States and Citizens
The Specificity of the EU
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It has a dual nature
It has a considerable number of the elements of
an intergovernmental organisation:
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Consists of sovereign states
Constitutive acts are international treaties that are
approved on the basis of the unanimity and are to be
ratified
ECSC, Euratom and EEC are regional intergovernmental
organisations with integration features
II and Ш pillars – co-operation on the basis of
intergovernmental procedures
The Specificity of the EU
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Considerable number of state-like elements (1):
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Constituting act (Constitutional Treaty)
Territory with common borders, common visa regime and free
flows of citizens and third country nationals
Single internal market with four freedoms
Single currency and ECB
Single institutional system that producers legal consequences
for physical and legal person and member-states
Common budget that is formed of own resources
Own legal system with its supremacy and direct effect
CFSP
The Specificity of the EU
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Considerable number of state-like elements (2):
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Cooperation of judicial and police authorities
RRF that are in the process of formation
Competences are built on the basis of a federation
principle
European political parties
Joint representation abroad
Common symbols (flag, anthem, Europe’s day)
EU as a specific type of
governance
European Union / European Communities
Functional
division of
responsibilities
between
the levels
Member-states
regions
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EU as a specific type of
governance
No classical division into three branches of power
Legislative branch
-----------------------Council
EP
Commission –
legislative drafts
Division of competences varies
depending on the matter
Executive branch
--------------------Commission
+
MS
Influences the formation and execution of the foreign policy
EU as a specific type of
governance
Multiplicity of representation influences the development
of foreign relations
European commission
Epistemic
communities
Council of the EU
National pressure
groups
EP
Eurogroups
A difficult model with no clear result of the negotiations
between different interested groups.
Hampers the development of a coherent line of action
Characterising the nature
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EU has always been
A project of economic reconstruction and enhanced
economic development
 A project of peace building
 Brussels naturally projects these ideas in the outside
Essential to understand its “ideational part”
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EU is a work in progress, it is always in construction
Complex structures
 Intricate pattern of competence division between the EU and
its MSs
Important for understanding the EU’s structures and processes
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European Communities vs.
European Union
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European Communities – 3 organisations, established in 1950s
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Coal and steel
Economic
Atom
Characteristics:
Economic cooperation,
Had legal personalities from the very beginning
Treaty establishing the European Community
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European Union
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Initially a political project
No legal personality at first (changed under the Lisbon Treaty)
Treaty on the European Union
What creates unity of the EU
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Common goals
Common principles
Shared set of rights and obligations of MSs
Single institutional structure
EU citizenship
EU legal personality
Common budget
Single way of changing EU basic norms and rules
Acquis communautaire
EU Principles
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Human rights and freedoms
Conferral
Subsidiarity
Proportionality
Respect for national specificity
Non-discrimination and equality
Economic policy
Environmental protection and sustainable
development
Cooperation
End of the WWII
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Economic crisis
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Mainly about infrastructure
Lack of resources and qualified personnel
Political instability
Integration projects:
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Council of Europe
A. Spinelli: federation
W. Churchill: Council of Europe
J. Monnet – director of the French modernisation plan (for
economic growth, employment and development of
external trade)
First Monnet Plan
 Elitist and pragmatist
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Functional cooperation
Economic reconstruction of France is an essential part of EI
End of the WWII
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Marshall Plan:
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Why?
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Importance of European reconstruction – fear of recession
Need of stable demand in Europe
Communist threat can only be stopped through economic
reconstruction
Harvard speech of G. Marshall - 5 May 1947 (commander in
chief, later secretary of defence)
OECD
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Condition: recipients should present a joint plan
Geographical limits for EI
Schuman Declaration
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Fears of Germany in France
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Bizonia, France also gradually weakens its control in Germany
1949 – FRG – end of French restrictive policy
Monnet to Schuman and Pleven: proposals of cooperation
with Germany
9 May – Schuman Declaration – in front of Adenauer and the
French government
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Joint work for the reconstruction and prosperity in Europe – coal and
steel – the nucleus of economy and military sector
Issues were put in the competence of supranational bodies- pooling of
sovereignty
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As a result: control of Germany but with the possibility of its economic
revival; equality of partners
Open to other countries but not acceptable for the CEE, Nordic
countries are skeptical, UK - upset
Paris Treaty
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Negotiations on ECSC - August 1950 – April 1951
Enforced 1952
6 MSs – beginning of European integration
Supranationality – loss of the part of their
sovereignty
ECSC institutions:
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High Authority
Court
Assembly
Council of Ministers
Failure of political integration
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why?
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Negotiations – February 1951 – France, Germany, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Italy – European Defence Community
Need for political cooperation – European POLITICAL Cooperation
– to supervise EDC and ECSC
Germany ratified
France: Gaullists and socialists were against – 1954 – National
Assembly – against
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USA ask to remilitarize Germany
R. Pleven – wished to see it in the framework of integration
Increase in the popularity of de Gaulle
Decrease of pressure from outside (Stalin, Korea)
Strengthening of the NATO, no American pressure
Results:
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Germany joined the WEU
Low politics vs. high politics
Refusal from political integration
Realization of the need to have both Germany and France agree on
the priorities
Rome Treaty
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1954 – Monnet – the first head of the High Authority
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Proposal: MFA of Belgium P.-H. Spaak memorandum
 Mister Europe
1955 – Messina conference
May 1956 – proposal of two treaties :
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Resigned because of the disappointment in the progress of
integration
Established Acting Committee for the United States of
Europe
Sectoral
On wider economic integration
France and Germany worked out all the details
Rome Treaties
France
Field of cooperation Nuclear sector
(including military
use), agriculture,
oversees territory
Type of cooperation Intergovernmental
Economic
regulation
Geographic
priorities
Germany
Industrial
cooperation
Community
type of central bank system
- dirigism / free market
Mediterranean
CEE
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Their agreement satisfies the plurality of the interests
Rome Treaties
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France: difficulties of ratification
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But Suez crisis helped
1956 – successful vote in the Assembly (importance of agriculture and
oversees territories)
L. Erhard is against: it can distort the market
IGC  singed in Rome 25 May 1957, as of 1958 for the unlimited
duration
Content: custom union, 4 freedoms, common policies + Euroatom
Institutions:
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Monnet: European headquarter
Luxembourg – refused to host  Brussels  institutions are scattered
around Europe
Common: Court and Assembly; separate: Council and Commission
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Merged in 1967
Lower supranationality
EFTA
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1959 – British reply (+ Austria, Denmark,
Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland)
Various stages of economic integration: FTA
vs. Custom Union / Common Market
Communitarian vs. intergovernmental
cooperation
How did the absence of the UK influence EI?
Time of de Gaulle
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Positive:
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Strengthening of the state institutions in France  good for EI
FF devalued  good for the decrease in tarriffs
Economic modernisation in Europe as a pretext for unpopular
economic reforms in France
Franco-German rapprochement
An attempt of political integration (Fouchet Plan)
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To improve the EU’s actorness
Meeting of the heads of states and governments + Secretariat in
Paris
1961 – First Plan (Italy and Germany agreed, others against)
1962 – Second Plan (references to the NATO, supranationality,
European Commission in economic cooperation) – de Gaulle refused
1963 – Franco-German treaty
Time of de Gaulle
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1960 – success of economic integration
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Problem of the proper Community resources
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High economic growth
GATT – European Commission represents the EU
1968 – custom union is set up, 18 months earlier than the initial plan
Agriculture is financed by import duties and taxes on industrial goods –
have to be EC resources
Commission // proposed increase in the power of EP, and decrease of
MSs (QMV)
Fr: proposal to maintain previous system, not discussed by the others
Empty Chair crisis
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09.09.1965 – France interrupts its participation in the EC (QMV as of
01.01.1966)
France: fear of agricultural crisis + II stage of presidential elections (de
Gaulle vs. Mitterrand = 11%)
January 1966 – Luxembourg compromise
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Commission won but its prestige decreased
Temporary agreement on agriculture until the 1970s
Time of de Gaulle
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Postponed the first enlargement
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1961 – UK (esp. agriculture, EFTA, Commonwealth)
1962 – Nassau negotiations about nuclear weapon with the US – de
Gaulle criticized UK
1967 – Labourists – new application (EC – for, de Gaulle: UK is not
mature enough both politically and economically)  politicization of
membership
De Gaulle leaves
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Social upheaval (youth, unpopular measures to control wages, increase
in taxes)
1968 – financial crisis – inflation because de Gaulle tried to find an
agreement with trade unions
1969 – failure of the referendum on the reform of local self-governance
and disbandment of the Senate  de Gaulle leaves
1969 – The Hague Conference
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An effort to marry intergovernmental and community methods
Pompidou (Prime Minister under de Gaulle) – more inclined to
compromises (particularly, given the economic crisis in France)
Germany: economic might + the need to strengthen Ost Politik
The slogan: «соmpletion, deepening, enlargement»
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Agriculture and proper resources – EP got the right to modify the
budget
Coordination of external and monetary policies (E. Davignon and
P. Werner - reports)
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European Political Cooperation – in parallel to the EEC
BUT: informal cooperation, consensus, intergovernmental interaction
4 new candidates
First Enlargement
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WHY?
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E. Hit: first membership, then problem-fixing
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Agriculture and fisheries
Oil and gas
Recently gained sovereignty
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UK and Germany are main economic partners
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Denmark – positive results of the referendum despite euroskepticism
Ireland – support
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Commonwealth (esp. milk products from New Zealand)
Contribution to the budget
No referendum but Labourists are against
Norway – Sept. 1972 referendum: 53,5% are against
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Germany – for Ost Politik,
France – to decrease integration
Economic links with UK + wish to improve relations with London
Significant agricultural sector + backwardness
Entered 1 January 1973
1970s
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Monetary coordination:
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1972 – summit in Paris – Solemn Declaration to establish the
European Union by the end of the 1970s
EU’s proper resources
1973 – oil crisis
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1971 – changes in the world monetary system, efforts to design a
common European position at the Smithsonian's talks
1972 – “snake” – 2,5% fluctuation
Pompidou: call for joint measures
Kissinger – proposal of a new Atlantic Charter
EU: Document on European identity
USA: International Energy Agency
1974 – V. Giscar d’Estaing instead of Pompidou + Schmidt
instead of Brandt  re-launch of the Franco-German alliance
1970s
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British budgetary question:
Labourists: need to review the conditions of membership
 Paris – December 1974 – Fund of Regional Development is
established: 28% to the UK + Italy, Spain, Ireland, France
 1975 – Commission – report on the correction of the British
inputs
UK referendum: positive results but M. Thatcher will reopen the
issue
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Institutional changes - Paris 1974
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European council is established
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Regular political leadership
Balance between intergovernmental and community
approaches
Link between EEC and EPC
Decision to pass to direct EP elections
1970s
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Eurosclerosis: no real changes
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Why?
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Economic and political crises
Changes in the international governance system
Passive integration: the role of the European Court of Justice
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Prevalence of the European law
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1979 – Cassis de Dijon – mutual recognition
ECJ preliminary judgments
European court system
Respect for the treaty provisions
Implied competences