Transcript A National Economy: Territorial Expansion in the West

Chapter 8: The Growth of a National
Economy
(1800—1850)
“Our Manifest Destiny is to overspread the continent
allotted by Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions”
-- John O’Sullivan
I. Urban & Industrial Patterns in the North
A. The Transportation Revolution
*Effect of geography in North… Connection of the
North and West
1. Roads: Private turnpikes, Public Interstate… Cumberland
Road (1833) from MD to OH
2. Steam Power: Fulton’s Clermont
3. Canals: Erie Canal
4. Railroads: B & O Railroad
* Canals, RR: connect North and West
5. Postal Service: mail, newspapers, magazines….
I.
Industry in the North
B. The Rise of Manufacturing
1. The Lowell Labor System (1813)
2. Mass Production & Interchangeable Parts (Whitney)
3. Free Enterprise System
C. The Rise of the Banking Industry
*Spur Economic growth w/ loans, capital… problem is w/ state
banks… Panics in 1819, 1837, 1839
I.
Industry in the North
D. Growth of Cities
*Immigrants, factories… gap b/w rich & poor… unsanitary
E. Immigrants
*1820-60… N & W Europe… Settled in N & W in America…
Faced Difficulties: Nativism & “Know Nothings”
F. Middle Class and Working Class Life
*Separate of men & women… defined by home… growth of
public schools
II.
Patterns of Southern Development
*Cotton Belt: South Carolina to Texas… Geography!
A. Growth of Cotton Economy: “King Cotton”
1. Climate/topography: favored plantations
2. Rice, tobacco, cotton
3. Whitney’s cotton gin (1793): removed seeds:
increased production of cotton & need for slaves
4. Also spurred west migration w/ slaves
5. Cotton: ½ of all national exports
6. South: depend on N for cotton market &
manufactured goods
II.
Southern Development
B. The Slave System
1. Extent
2. Life Under Slavery
* Treatment… Slave Codes…
3. Resistance
* Various forms… Denmark Vesey (1822)… Nat
Turner (1831)… HW
II.
Southern Development
C. The South on the Defensive
1. “Peculiar Institution”… Set south apart
2. John C. Calhoun: not just necessary but “good”
* Existed throughout history
* Sanctioned in Bible: “out of God’s graces”
* Important for South’s prosperity
* Better than Africa
* Better than North’s “wage slavery”
* Mentally inferior
II.
Southern Development
D. Effect of Slavery on the South
1.
2.
3.
4.
Craftsmen/ Farmers: lowered their wages
Immigrants: avoided the South
Money: tied into slavery, not industry/commerce
Remained Agricultural
* Import manufactured goods; few cities; stagnate
economy
5. View of North
*Resent… thought N used govt for own benefit
III. Territorial Expansion: Manifest Destiny
A. Manifest Destiny
*Definition… Expansion… Conflicts w/ Mexicans,
Native Americans, and Slavery Questions…
O’Sullivan
B. People and Westward Expansion
•Trail blazers and settlers traveled westward along
the Santa Fe, Oregon, and Mormon Trails.
III. West: Manifest Destiny
C. Lands Acquired b/w 1803—1853
1. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
2. Florida: Purchase & Annexation (1819)
* Adams-Onis Treaty
C.
Lands Acquired by the US
3. Texas: Westward Expansion or Eastern Invasion?
Americans In Texas
• Mexico: newly independent from Spain (1821)
• Americans: invited to settle in N. province of MX: Texas
• Stephen Austin: led group of several hundred
• Fertile land/ warm climate: perfect for cotton
• 1830s: friction b/w Americans & Mexicans
1. Mexican govt: not want slavery; claimed everyone had to
be Catholic
2. Disliked independent spirit of the “Texans”
Texas Revolution (1836)
Inspired by American Revolution, Texans rebelled…
“Remember the Alamo”
• Heavily fortified church mission
• Fortified to slow down Mexican Army and allow Texans to
build up own army
• Overwhelmed by MX army led by General Santa Anna
• 13 Days: Bloody Massacre: rally cry to inspire the Texans
Texas Revolution (cont)
Battle of San Jacinto
• Sam Houston : Commander of Texas Army
• Won great victory at San Jacinto: able to capture Santa Anna
• Settlers proclaimed Republic of Texas (“Lone Star
Republic”)
• Houston: elected as president
• Requested annexation to US
Texas Annexation
• South favored the annexation of Texas
• North: feared the extension of slavery; would also increase the
# of southern votes in the House
• Controversy would delay annexation
• Key Issue in Election of 1844
• Eventually admitted by joint resolution in 1845.
4. Mexican War
& Cession
(1846 – 1848)
Causes of the Mexican War
1. Southern boundary dispute b/w
Texas and Mexico
Texas: Rio Grande (south) ;
MX: Nueces R (north)
2. Mexico: stopped payments to
American citizens
3. California: settlers causing
trouble!
4. Mexico: resented American
annexation of Texas
5. Manifest Destiny & Expansion
A Short War
• President James Polk: deliberately
provoked war
• Sent troops into disputed territory
(b/w rivers)
• Aim: gain MX provinces of NMX
and CAL and to make the war as short
as possible
• War: showcased American military
superiority
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
1.
2.
3.
Rio Grande: southern boundary of US
Mexican Cession: MX gave up CAL
and NMX provinces
(NV, Utah, AZ, NMX, part of
Colorado and Wyoming)
US: agreed to pay MX $15 million &
pay debts owed to Americans
A Controversial War
• After war broke out, national
opinion was divided
• Expansionists: opportunity to
acquire more land… Manifest
Destiny!
• Northerners: feared the future
addition of more slave states
• Congressman Abraham
Lincoln: “war of conquest”
C.
Lands Acquired by the US
5. Gadsden Purchase (1853)
• US paid MX $10 million
• Acquired small strip of land on southern boundary of Arizona
and New Mexico
• Provided favorable RR route to California
• Precedent: Louisiana Purchase
C.
Lands Acquired by the US
6. Oregon Settlement (1846)
• Both US and Britain claimed Oregon Territory and both
occupied
• James Polk: “54’40 or Fight”: presidential slogan
• As president… compromised
• Extension of existing boundary
• Acquired Oregon, Washington, Idaho and parts of Montana
and Wyoming
James Polk
If judge by ability to keep promises,
Polk was most successful:
•
•
•
•
•
Acquired California from Mexico
Settled Oregon dispute
Lowered tariffs
Established a sub-treasury
Retired from office after one term