Transcript Measuring Research and Experimental Development

UIS activities in the collection and
analysis of STI indicators and
overview of data for West Africa
West African Regional Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews and Statistics Workshop
Bamako, Mali
10-13 May 2010
www.uis.unesco.org
Objectives of this presentation
 Present the work that UIS does to support the
collection and analysis of STI indicators in
developing countries
 Provide an overview of the availability of STI
indicators worldwide and in the region
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UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T
statistics
Official S&T data source for:
 UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book
 UNDP: Human Development Report
 World Bank: World Development Indicators
 UNESCO Reports:
• UNESCO Science Report
• UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies
• International Report on S&T and Gender
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS Strategy on S&T statistics
 International Review of S&T Statistics and Indicators jointly
with UNESCO Science Policy Division, 2002-03, involving
all Member States and numerous experts. Resulting
priorities:
 Immediate term:
• R&D personnel & expenditure
• Human resources devoted to S&T
• Science education & Higher education
• International mobility
• Gender
 Medium term: Innovation data
• Starts next month!
 Longer term: Output & Impact
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UIS Medium-Term Strategy 2008-2013
Priorities:
1. Improving data
quality
2. Reinforcing
statistics and
indicators on
learning outcomes
3. Strengthening statistics in science, culture and
communication
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Lines of action
1. S&T survey operation and data guardianship
2. Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other
training activities
3. Standard setting and methodological
developments
4. Analysis and publications
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1. S&T Survey operation and data
guardianship
 Global survey on statistics of science & technology
 Global database on S&T Statistics
 Data dissemination: on the UIS website and
through contributions to other agencies
 Next year pilot survey of innovation data
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Survey on Statistics of Science &
Technology
 Biennially.
 The 2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T statistics surveys have
been completed. 3rd round was launched in June 2008.
 The latest results were released on the UIS website in
September 2009 (see http://stats.uis.unesco.org).
 4th round will be launched in May 2010.
 OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member States.
RICYT provides data for Latin America. UIS keeps direct
contact with national S&T statisticians.
www.uis.unesco.org
Data collection
R&D Personnel
 By sector of employment,
occupation, qualification, and
field of science
 In headcount and FTE
 By gender
R&D Expenditure
 By sector of performance and
source of funds
 New: by type of activity and
field of science
www.uis.unesco.org
Other data of interest but not (yet?)
collected by UIS
 Researchers by age
 Researchers by country of birth; citizenship/resident status
 Researchers by fields of science at 2 digit level
 R&D expenditure by type of cost (Current / Capital)
 R&D expenditure by major socio-economic objective
 Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D
(GBAORD): Total; by major socio-economic objective
 Business enterprise researchers by industry / branch of
economic activity (at 1 digit level of International Standard
Industrial Classification, ISIC)
 Business enterprise R&D expenditure by industry / branch
of economic activity (at 1 digit level of ISIC)
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UIS 2006 and 2008 Surveys on R&D
Response rates & published data
Responses
Q 2006
Regions
(Countries and Territories covered)
Responses
Q 2008
Sub-Saharan Africa (46)
27
59%
Arab States-Africa (8)
6
75%
Asia (31, excl. Arab States & OECD)
21
68%
Arab States - Asia (12)
7
58%
Americas (19, excl. RICYT & OECD)
4
21%
4
21%
4
21%
Europe (16, excl. OECD & Eurostat)
9
56%
11
69%
10
63%
Oceania (17, excl. OECD)
0
0%
4
24%
3
18%
74
50%
70
47%
77
52%
43
100%
19
83%
139
65%
Sub-total (149)
61%
65%
21
46%
3
38%
21
68%
6
50%
Published data
44%
63%
27
59%
5
63%
24
77%
4
33%
59%
65%
Data from other sources:
OECD + Eurostat (43)
Total coverage
Total coverage
RICYT (23)
Total (215)
140
65%
136
63%
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Respondents to the UIS 2006 and 2008
questionnaires from ECOWAS countries
Country
2006 Q
2008Q
1
Benin
Data not provided
Data provided
2
Burkina-Faso
Data provided
Data provided
3
Cape Verde
Data not provided
Data not provided
4
Côte d’Ivoire
Data provided
Data not provided
5
Gambia
Data provided
Data not provided
6
Ghana
Data not provided
Data not provided
7
Guinea
Data not provided
Data not provided
8
Guinea-Bissau
Data not provided
Data not provided
9
Liberia
Data not provided
Data not provided
10
Mali
Data not provided
Data provided
11
Niger
Data provided
Data not provided
12
Nigeria
Data provided
Data not provided
13
Senegal
Data provided
Data provided
14
Sierra-Leone
Data not provided
Data not provided
15
Togo
Data not provided
Data provided
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Number of researchers worldwide
Researchers by development status (thousands)
2002
2007
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Developed countries
Developing countries
(excl. LDC)
Less-developed
countries (LDC)
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What are the national research densities?
Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or
latest available year
0–100 per million
101–300 per million
301–1000 per million
1001–2000 per million
2001 per million and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, September 2009
Note: Data in this map are based on FTE. However, figures in headcounts (HC) were considered for the following countries as
the FTE figures were not available: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Benin; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African
Rep.; Cuba; D.R. Congo; El Salvador; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Guinea; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mauritius; Mongolia;
Montenegro; Mozambique; Nauru; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Sudan;
Tajikistan; Macedonia (FYR); Uganda; Venezuela; Zambia. This has to be taken into account when interpreting the data.
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The gender gap in science.
Women as a share of total researchers, 2007 or
latest available year
0%–30%
30.1%–45%
45.1%–55%
55.1%–70%
70.1%–100%
Data not available
Source: UIS, September 2009
Note: Data in this map are based on HC.
www.uis.unesco.org
Source: UIS, September 2009
3.2%
3.0%
3.0%
2.5%
2.3%
2.3%
2.3%
2.2%
2.1%
2.1%
1.7%
1.8%
1.6%
1.8%
1.2%
1.7%
1.5%
1.4%
0.5%
0.7%
0.8%
0.7%
0.6%
0.6%
0.7%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
France
United Kingdom
Africa
India
Oceania
C.E.O. Europe
Other in Asia
Brazil
Arab States (Africa)
Mexico
Egypt
Other Sub-Saharan
C.I.S. Asia
Argentina
Israel
Arab States (Asia)
South Africa
4.6%
4.0%
2.9%
3.6%
0%
L.A.C.
Germany
8.5%
6.6%
10.0%
7.8%
5.0%
6.0%
5%
N.I.E. Asia
Russian Fed.
C.I.S. Europe
11.2%
10.0%
10%
Japan
European Union
15%
20.1%
23.2%
20.3%
20.3%
18.9%
14.0%
20%
China
United States
28.1%
25.8%
25.2%
22.2%
25%
North America
30%
31.9%
28.4%
35%
Americas
40%
35.7%
41.4%
45%
Europe
Asia
Where are researchers located?
Shares of world researchers by principal
regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%)
2002
2007
www.uis.unesco.org
R&D Personnel, selected countries in
ECOWAS countries, 2007 or LYA
Country
Year
Researchers per million
inhabitants (FTE)
Researchers (FTE)
Benin
2007
1,000 (HC)
119 (HC)
Burkina-Faso
2007
187 (HC)
12 (HC)
Cape Verde
2002
60
132
Cote d’Ivoire
2005
1,269
66
Gambia
2005
46 (HC)
30 (HC)
Ghana
…
…
…
Guinea
2000
2,117 (HC)
253 (HC)
Guinea-Bissau
…
…
…
Liberia
…
…
…
Mali
2006
513
42
Niger
2005
101
8
Nigeria
2005
28,533 (HC)
203 (HC)
Senegal
2007
3,277
276
Sierra-Leone
…
…
…
Togo
2007
216
34
Source: UIS S&T Database, March 2009.
FTE: Full-time equivalent
-
HC: Headcount -
* Based on partial data
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A snap-shot of R&D intensity.
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a
percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00%–0.25%
0.26%–0.50%
0.51%–1.00%
1.01%–2.00%
2.01% and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, September 2009
www.uis.unesco.org
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
Source: UIS, September 2009
1.7%
1.6%
1.6%
World
Europe
Asia
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005
1.0%
1.0%
Brazil -1
South Africa -1
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
Other in Asia
Africa
Arab States (Africa)
Other Sub-Saharan
Egypt
C.I.S. Asia
Arab States (Asia)
0.5%
0.6%
Mexico -2
Argentina
L.A.C.
0.8%
1.1%
C.I.S. Europe
India
1.1%
1.3%
Russian Fed.
C.E.O. Europe
1.5%
1.8%
European Union
China
1.8%
N.I.E. Asia
2.1%
Oceania
1.8%
2.1%
Americas
United Kingdom
2.1%
France
2.6%
1.5%
Germany
2.0%
2.6%
2.5%
North America
3.0%
2.7%
3.5%
United States
4.0%
3.4%
4.7%
5.0%
Japan
Israel
Which regions are most R&D intensive?
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a % of GDP by
principal regions/countries, 2007 or latest year available
4.5%
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The evolution of R&D intensity
GERD as a percentage of GDP, 1996 (or earliest available year) and 2007
(or latest available year), countries with R&D intensity below 1.5% in
both years.
Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP, 2007
1.5%
China
R&D
intensity
up
Spain
Portugal
0.0%
0.0%
Brazil
Hungary
South Africa
0.5%
stable
Russian Fed.
Belarus
Croatia
Ukraine
Lithuania
Hong Kong, Ch.
0.5%
Ireland
Italy
Montenegro
India
Pakistan
Chile
Turkey
Malaysia
Iran
Morocco
Latvia
Malta
Poland
Mexico Argentina
Bulgaria
Romania
Greece
D.R.
Congo
Cyprus
Cuba
Mauritius Uganda
St. Lucia
Costa Rica Seychelles
Sudan
Uruguay
Kyrgyzstan Bolivia
Thailand
Panama
23
25
Kazakhstan Macedonia (FYR)
22
8 1412
28
Georgia
21 20 26
11 15
Colombia
18
17 19 24
4 6 7 16
2
5 91013
27
13
R&D
intensity
New Zealand
Estonia
Tunisia
1.0%
Slovenia
Moldova
Slovakia
R&D
intensity
down
1.0%
1.5%
Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP, 1996
Source: UIS,
September
2009
Note: countries in the left-bottom corner of the graph are represented by the following numbers. 1: Zambia; 2: Brunei; 3: Bosnia &
Herzegovina; 4: Guatemala; 5: Honduras; 6: Lesotho; 7: Jamaica; 8: Myanmar; 9: Saudi Arabia; 10: Indonesia; 11: Macao, Ch.;
12: Peru; 13: Nicaragua; 14: Ecuador; 15 : Paraguay; 16: Tajikistan; 17: Trinidad & Tobago; 18: Philippines; 19: Burkina Faso;
20: Ethiopia; 21: Sri Lanka; 22 :Armenia ; 23: Mongolia; 24: Kuwait; 25: Egypt; 26: Madagascar; 27: Algeria; 28: Azerbaijan.
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GERD by region
GERD in billions PPP$ by regions
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
Americas
2002
Europe
Africa
2007
Asia
Oceania
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Source: UIS, September 2009
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C.I.S. Asia
Egypt
Arab States (Asia)
Argentina
Other Sub-Saharan
Arab States (Africa)
South Africa
Mexico
Israel
Africa
Other in Asia
Oceania
2002
Brazil
C.E.O. Europe
Russian Fed.
India
C.I.S. Europe
L.A.C.
United Kingdom
France
Germany
0%
N.I.E. Asia
5%
5.0%
9.2%
5.1%
6.4%
7.2%
6.1%
4.8%
3.8%
3.9%
3.3%
2.6%
2.9%
2.3%
2.4%
1.6%
2.2%
2.0%
2.1%
1.8%
1.9%
1.5%
1.6%
1.4%
1.6%
0.6%
0.9%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.8%
0.5%
0.6%
0.3%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
10%
China
15%
13.7%
13.0%
20%
Japan
European Union
Europe
25%
27.1%
32.7%
35.1%
32.4%
30.3%
27.3%
26.1%
22.9%
30%
United States
35%
Asia
40%
40.4%
37.6%
37.8%
34.7%
45%
North America
Americas
Where are R&D investments made?
Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by
principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%)
2007
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD), selected
countries in ECOWAS countries, 2007 or LYA
Country
Year
Benin
…
Burkina-Faso
2007
Cape Verde
GERD ('000) –
Local currency
GERD - PPP$
('000)
GERD – as
% of GDP
…
…
…
3,589,972
18,392
0.11%
…
…
…
…
Cote d’Ivoire
…
…
…
…
Gambia
…
…
…
…
Ghana
…
…
…
…
Guinea
…
…
…
…
Guinea-Bissau
…
…
…
…
Liberia
…
…
…
…
Mali
…
…
…
…
Niger
…
…
…
…
Nigeria
…
…
…
…
Senegal
2007
4,090,000
16,252
0.09%
Sierra-Leone
…
…
…
…
Togo
…
…
…
…
Source: UIS S&T Database, March 2009
* Based on partial data
www.uis.unesco.org
Source: UIS, September 2009
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001
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New Zealand
Australia -1
Cambodia -5
Armenia
Pakistan
Abroad
Brunei -3
Tajikistan -2
Kuwait
Mongolia
Private non-profit
Iran -1
Indonesia -6
Viet Nam -5
Sri Lanka -1
India -3
Azerbaijan
Lao P.D.R. -5
Higher education
Kyrgyzstan -2
Thailand -2
Kazakhstan
Hong Kong -1
Singapore
Philippines -2
Government
China
Rep. of Korea
Israel -2
Japan
Business entreprise
Malaysia -1
Madagascar
Mozambique -5
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Tunisia -2
Morocco -1
South Africa -2
Funding in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: UIS, September 2009
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002
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Rep. of Moldova
Macedonia (FYR) -5
Cyprus -1
Lithuania
Romania
Russian Fed.
Ukraine
Abroad
Bulgaria -1
Greece -2
Poland
Croatia
Private non-profit
Slovakia
Portugal -2
Latvia
Italy -1
Estonia
Hungary
Higher education
Belarus
Norway
Malta
Spain -1
United Kingdom
Turkey
Government
Austria
Iceland
Netherlands -4
France -1
Czech Rep.
Business entreprise
Slovenia
Ireland -1
Denmark -2
Belgium -2
Sweden -2
Germany -1
Finland
Switzerland -3
Luxembourg -2
Funding in Europe.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Funding in the Americas.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
Business entreprise
Government
Higher education
Private non-profit
Abroad
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Source: UIS, September 2009
Guatemala -1
Paraguay -2
Panama -2
El Salvador -9
Bolivia -5
Ecuador
Colombia -1
Argentina
Uruguay -1
Cuba
Chile -3
Mexico -2
Brazil -1
Canada
United States
0%
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -9 = 1998.
www.uis.unesco.org
Source: UIS, September 2009
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002
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New Zealand
Australia -1
Pakistan
Georgia -2
Tajikistan -2
Brunei -3
Mongolia
Armenia
Private non-profit
Cambodia -5
Indonesia -2
Viet Nam -5
Iran -1
India -3
Sri Lanka -1
Kyrgyzstan
Azerbaijan
Higher education
Thailand -1
Lao P.D.R. -5
Hong Kong -1
Kazakhstan
Philippines -2
China
Singapore
Thailand -1
Rep. of Korea
Government
Israel
Hong Kong -1
Malaysia -1
Philippines -2
Seychelles -2
Business entreprise
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Senegal -2
Madagascar
Zambia -2
Uganda
Morocco -1
Tunisia -2
Botswana -2
Sudan -2
South Africa -1
A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the
Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: UIS, September 2009
Notes: -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004
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Bosnia & Herzegovina
Serbia
Montenegro
Macedonia (FYR) -1
Rep. of Moldova
Cyprus
Greece
Lithuania
Poland
Bulgaria
Latvia
Slovakia
Private non-profit
Croatia
Turkey
Romania
Estonia
Italy -1
Hungary
Portugal
Higher education
Norway
Iceland
Ukraine
Spain
Slovenia
Netherlands
Government
Belarus
France
Czech Rep.
United Kingdom
Russian Fed.
Business entreprise
Denmark
Malta
Ireland
Belgium
Germany
Austria
Finland
Switzerland -3
Sweden
Luxembourg
A breakdown of R&D investment in Europe.
GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A breakdown of R&D investment in the Americas.
GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
Business entreprise
Government
Private non-profit
Unknown
Higher education
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Source: UIS, September 2009
Notes: -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002
Panama -2
Paraguay -2
Guatemala -1
Ecuador
Colombia -1
Bolivia -5
Trinidad & Tobago -1
Costa Rica -3
Uruguay -1
Peru -3
Argentina
Brazil
Chile -3
Mexico -2
Canada
United States
0%
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Quality of data
Efficient use of
resources
Consistency over
time and space
Accessibility and
affordability
Validity
and reliability
Relevance to
policy
Potential for
disaggregation
Comparability
through
standards
Clarity and
transparency
Currency and
punctuality
Coherence
across sources
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2. Capacity building
There are many problems:
 Lack of understanding of importance of S&T
(indicators)
 Lack of political will and action
 Lack of coordination
 Lack of trained personnel
 High staff turnover
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Capacity building (2)
Measurement problems:
 Measuring “real effort” (full-time equivalents)
 Private sector R&D
 Budget data vs. surveys
 Role of foreign entities
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S&T statistics workshops
 Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality
S&T indicators.
 Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T
statistics systems.
 Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T
policy making.
 Share experiences with other developing countries and
address problems.
 Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T
statistics data.
 Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS S&T Statistics workshops
2005:
Uganda, India
2006:
Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan
2007:
Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan,
Brazil, Russia, Cameroon
2008:
Oman, Cambodia
2009:
Kenya, Egypt
But also contributing to similar workshops of
partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)
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Countries that have participated in UNESCO
S&T statistics workshops 2005-2009
Countries and territories covered
Countries and territories covered but absent
Countries and territories not yet covered
Countries and territories not targeted
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Results of workshops
 Increased response rate – non-responding
countries learn how to do it from UIS and
neighbours.
 Immediate problems solved.
 Increased data quality – improved understanding
of application of international standards.
 Face to face contacts = more effective networking.
 Inputs to UIS programme development.
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3. Standard setting/methodological
developments
 Careers of Doctoral Holders – CDH (since 2004)
 Measuring Innovation in Developing countries:
Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005)
• Will be presented separately
 Measuring R&D in Developing Countries:
Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual
(2010)
• Will be presented separately
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The careers of doctorate holders
survey (CDH)
 A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat.
 Methodology developed “from scratch”.
 Aimed both at developed and developing
countries.
 With participation from experts from both
developed and developing countries.
 Promoting the methodology by encouraging
developing countries to conduct such surveys and
produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on
careers of doctorate holders.
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Relevance of the CDH project
 There is a new focus on the crucial role of highly qualified
individuals who represent a key to the production,
application and transmission of knowledge.
 Statistics on the global trends in human resources for
Science and Technology (HRST) are very week.
 The quality and comparability of international data on
migration is particularly weak.
 Diversity of data collection methods hinders international
comparability, and does not provide information on career
paths and mobility patterns.
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Objectives of CDH
Objectives:
 To design an internationally comparable tool for
tracking the careers of doctorates holders and
highly qualified people in different countries.
 to collect and exchange information on the career
paths of holders of doctorates from existing data
sources and the new survey tool.
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CDH toolkit
Components:
 Model questionnaire and Instruction Manual
 Output tables and variables definitions
 Methodological guidelines
 Bridge table model questionnaire - output tables
See:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5219&
URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201
and www.oecd.org/sti/cdh
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CDH modules
 Doctoral Education (EDU)
 Early Career Research positions (ECR)
 Employment situation (EMP)
 International mobility (MOB)
 Career-related experience (CAR)
 Personal characteristics (PER)
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4. Some publications
 Data publicly available at: www.uis.unesco.org
 UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website):
• S&T Bulletin 1 – Investment in R&D;
• S&T Bulletin 2 – Bibliometric Indicators;
• S&T Bulletin 3 – Women in Science
• Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated)
 UNESCO Science Report 2005 (next edition: 2010)
 International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007
 UNESCO World Report
 History of Science Statistics at UNESCO
 Paper on ‘current status of International Science statistics for Africa’ in
African Statistical Journal
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Collaborations / Partnerships
 UNESCO HQs
 UNESCO offices worldwide
 World Bank
 OECD
 Eurostat
 RICYT (Latin America)
 AU-NEPAD
 ALECSO
 ADB
 Arab Academy of Science
 ATPS
 ISESCO
 ISDB
 Inter-Academy Council
 EU-Medibtikar
 INRS (Quebec, Canada)
 IDRC (Canada)
 ASEAN
 IRD (France)
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Collaboration with AU/NEPAD
 MOU between AU/NEPAD and UIS
 Attend each other’s meetings
 Separate data collection for now
 Closer collaboration over the next few years
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Way forward
 There is still a lot to do!
 Looking forward to further cooperation.
 UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians:
Quality and relevance.
 Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics
systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries
or Research Councils) and National Statistical
Offices.
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Thank you!
http://www.uis.unesco.org
[email protected]
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