State of The Art of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
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Transcript State of The Art of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Recent Developments in
International Remote
Sensing and GIS Markets
John Trinder
Emeritus Professor
School of Surveying and SIS
UNSW
Sydney, Australia
1st Vice President and former President, ISPRS
Summary
Remote sensing
Sensor developments
Types of sensors
Plans for new satellites
GEO-GEOSS
GIS developments
Web 2.0
Interoperability
Sensors
High resolution optical sensors
<10m pixel size, panchromatic and multispectral
‘Agile’ sensors with flexible pointing
Stereo capability providing Digital Elevation Models
Small optical sensors
Emphasis on multispectral
Serving national requirements
Use of constellations provides frequent revisit
Microwave (Radar) sensors
All weather capability
Improving resolution
Interferometry - measuring small height displacements
Plans for New Satellite Systems
(ASPRS 2005)
Civil land imaging satellites with resolutions
≤36m in orbit or currently planned by 2010.
Optical, 26 in orbit, 25 planned
Radar, 3 in orbit, 9 planned
Two major resolution groups
18 high resolution systems (0.4m to 1.8m)
44 mid resolution systems (2.0m to 36m)
Have greatly different coverage capabilities.
Hi-res swaths are in the 8km to 28km range
Mid-res swaths are generally between 70km to 185km
except for the DMC’s 600km swaths
Plans for New Satellite Systems
(ASPRS 2005)
Privately funded systems now in orbit
with resolutions down to 0.4m
Serves hi-res military market and civilian
market - “Dual Purpose”
Radar will have significant applications
for multi-polarization, multi-frequency
and fusion with other data sources
Radar interferometry
Small satellites
Small satellites are characterised by:
Rapid development scales for experimental missions
Start to launch schedules ranging from just 6 to 36
months.
Leading-edge COTS technology
Innovative solutions and cheaper alternatives to the
established systems.
Lighter satellite systems designed inside smaller
volumes.
Overall costs and ambitions to be space nations
are driving developments of small satellites
Market Trends in Remote Sensing
Multitude of data
Cost/benefit of space applications rarely
undertaken
Many countries entering the space industry
for Earth Observation (EO)
Viability of space programs of limited
concern to many governments
No commercial satellite has been financially
independent of government
RapidEye an interesting development
Group on Earth Observation (GEO)
GEO
GEOSS (Global Earth Observation Systems of
Systems)
Group on Earth Observation (GEO)
Group on Earth Observations (GEO) established by
the first Earth Observation Summit in July 2003
which declared the need for:
“….timely, quality, long-term, global
information as a basis for sound
decision making”.
Aims of GEOSS
(Global Earth Observation Systems of
Systems)
Sustainable operations - Will capture the success of
Earth observation research programs
Activities over full range of processing cycle - primary
observation to information production
Co-ordinated development to reduce the multiplicity of
satellites
Shared observations and products
Products are accessible, comparable, and
understandable, by supporting common standards
Encompass all areas of the world - in situ, airborne, and
space-based observations.
Primarily focused on issues of regional and global scale
GIS
Trends in GIS
Web 2.0 and GIS
Open Source
Open Geospatial Consortium
Trends in GIS
Web-based GIS services and applications
have been substantially increased and
enhanced in:
access and dissemination,
exploration and visualization,
processing, analysis and modelling,
collaborative spatial decision support
Integration of web-based GIServices in
mainstream/enterprise computing
Moved into mainstream computing arena
GIS users can be anywhere, location of
data invisible to user
Trends in GIS
Growth said to be approaching 10% pa
More applications, flexibility, incorporating
image and non-image sensors
Matching of Location Intelligence with
Business intelligence - MapInfo
Software continuing to grow but marked to
2 major players - MapInfo and ESRI
GEO-sensors - for habitat monitoring and
EO systems
Wireline and wireless technologies have
bound the virtual and physical worlds closer
than ever
Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is a set of principles and practices
that tie together sites all over the world.
Not a platform or a set of tools
It is a set of links with a specialized
database behind it – examples are Google
and Wikepedia
The software never needs to be distributed
- only to perform
Links and software provide access to the
information anywhere in the world
Web 2.0 and GIS
Allows access and searching of spatial data
over the Web –
individuals can participate
‘crowd-sourcing’ of data
KML – (XML based language) - developed for
Google Earth - ‘pdf of Earth browsing’
describes 3D geospatial data and its display in
application programs
Microsoft Virtual Earth aims at similar functionality
Google Mapplets – Mini application that runs in
Google Maps
‘Mashup’ - a web application that combines
data from more than one source into a single
integrated tool
Open Source
OS Foundation - www.OSGeo.org
Created to support and build the highestquality open source geospatial software.
MapServer OS is 2nd biggest map server
with 50k seats
Developed originally by University of Minnesota
Permits creation of "geographic image maps“ maps that can direct users to content
Supported by developers around the world
Advanced cartographic output, scripting, across
platforms, multiple formats and projections
Standards - OGC
Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC working on its Web Services
Specifications for an interoperable,
multi-source decision support
environment
The Open Geospatial Consortium’s
Web Map Service (WMS)
Implementation Specification
approved as ISO Standard.
Conclusions
Growing number of sensors
GEO AND GEOSS are planned to
coordinate satellite developments for
EO for the next 10 years
New technologies such as Web 2.0
are rapidly changing the way GIS is
available to users
Such developments will continue to
advance the applications of GIS