Transcript Using Sources:

Using Sources:
SUMMARIZING,
PARAPHRASING
AND THE LIKE
Plagiarism
 “the
unauthorized or misleading use of
the language or thoughts of another
author” (emphasis added).
Common Knowledge
 Stuff
“known or accepted by educated
people”
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Encyclopedias, popular media
Did not pick up in a specific place
Verified. Though only cited if quoted,etc.
Better to document more than less
When to document
 Direct
quotation—includes stats, numbers
 Paraphrases
 summaries
 If you got the knowledge/idea
somewhere specific, you MUST document
Unintentional Plagiarism
 Accidentally
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using phrases/words
Usually copied down verbatim instead of in
your words
Even if you give credit for the source while
paraphrasing, you must be careful with your
wording.
Intentional Plagiarism
 Knowingly
copying another’s words or
ideas.
 Do NOT forget quotation marks, even for
a couple of words
Paraphrasing
 Place
the information in a new order
see the example HERE
Paraphrasing
2. BREAK THE COMPLEX IDEAS INTO SMALL UNITS:
 ORIGINAL
The “perfect” search engine would guide users to every
relevant location ranked in order of usefulness, without
leaving anything out and without including anything
irrelevant. That engine doesn’t yet exist.
 GOOD PARAPHRASE
Schwartz states that no Internet search tool is yet
“perfect.” If it were, it would lead you to all the
appropriate locations on your topic. It would rank all
the Web sites by how useful they were. It would never
leave something out that was relevant. It would never
include anything that was irrelevant (29).
Paraphrasing
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USE CONCRETE, SIMPLE VOCABULARY IN
PLACE OF TECHNICAL JARGON:
Newsgroup= online bulletin board
Search engine= Internet search tool
Users= those who are using the Internet
Location= Web site found at a unique Internet
address
Paraphrasing
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USE SYNONYMS FOR WORDS IN THE
SOURCE:
Illness= medical problem
Exchange views=talk with others
Medical topics=medical subject
Available to = open to
Despite = in spite of
News items = news reports
Paraphrasing
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For each important fact or idea in your
notes, write down the source page
Integrating Paraphrases
 Introduce
speak with “signal phrase” and
provide context
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Author’s name (LAST NAME)
Title
Other info (when first introduced)
 Also
provide documentation
Example introduction
 According
to an article published at the
World Wildlife Fund Web site, we already
possess effective and inexpensive
technologies to solve the global warming
crisis. When consumers use less power,
there is a corresponding reduction in air
pollution. Furthermore….
Summarizing
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Condense information
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Reflects the author's most important ideas
Leave out extended examples,
explanations
RECORD THE GIST OF THE INFORMATION
 Primary
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argument
USE YOUR OWN WORDS
Summarizing
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Identify key points
Identify main supporting factors
Identify key words and phrases (DO NOT USE THEM AS
YOUR OWN)
Remove the superfluous
Summaries: a few techniques
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Record information
 Two-column
notebook: with the information
on one site and your comments on the other
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Create Lists and Tables
 Reduce
ideas to their simplest form
 Take note of article headings
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Check for accuracy
Summaries
 GOOD
SUMMARY: (WWF article)
The World Wildlife Fund Web site outlines
easy-to-implement solutions to the global
warming problem. They suggest changes in
both individual energy use and global
energy policies as ways to tackle the
problem. Changing energy policies will also
reduce health problems related to pollution
and acid rain (World Wildlife Fund).
Integrating Summaries
 Just
like direct quotes and paraphrases,
use signal words/phrases to introduce the
source.
 Provide documentation
Avoiding plagiarism
 Click
Here for an example
Now you try
 Summarize
the article I give you
Direct Quotations
 When
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When the original phrasing is key or
memorable
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to use?
often?
Depends.
Chair analogy
Integrating Direct Quotes
 Again,
use “signal” words/phrases
 Quick game:
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Signal words/phrases
Signal words/phrases
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Acknowledges
Advises
Advocates
Affirms
Agrees
Alleges
Allows
Answers
Asserts
Avows
Believes
Charges
Claims
Concludes
Concurs
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Confirms
Contends
Criticizes
Declares
Denies
Describes
Disagrees
Discusses
Disputes
Emphasizes
Expresses
Interprets
Lists
Objects
Observes
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Offers
Opposes
Recommends
Remarks
Replies
Reports
Responds
Reveals
Says
States
Suggests
Thinks
Writes
Be grammatical about it
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POOR: Carnegie Mellow researchers study
climate “Scientists disagree about whether
climate change will be a serious problem in
the next 50-100 years” (Morgan and Smutz)
GOOD: Researchers at Carnegie Mellon
University claim, “Scientists disagree about
whether climate change will be a serious
problem in the next 50-100 years” (Morgan
and Smutz)
Example
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Rivers provides an insightful revelation about
gender roles: “He distrusts the implication that
nurturing, even when done by a man,
remains feminine” (Barker 107)
“Stable introverts,” another study found, “are
the highest academic performers” (Furnham
and Medhurts 197)
“Extroverts prefer locations where socializing
opportunities abound,” reports Campbell and
Hawley(141).
Interpreting and explaining
 Again,
the point of the essay is what you
have to say.
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Use sources like salt/pepper…a seasoning,
not the main dish.
THIS MEANS THAT YOU MUST INTEGRATE AND
USE THE SOURCE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK
OF YOUR IDEAS.
Interpreting and Explaining
 You
cannot assume that a quotation can
stand on its own. You MUST not only
explain it to your reader, you must explain
how it relates to your ideas.
Example
 Goleman
et al confirms that it is only
when groups exhibit the qualities of
emotional intelligence that they can be
perceived as smarter than individuals.
The authors assert “Everyone in the group
contributes to the overall level of
emotional intelligence but the leader
holds special sway in this regard” ((174)
A few more things
 Long
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Quotes/Block quotes
Four or more lines
Indentented on the left ½ inch
Still double-spaced
Introduced with a colon
No quotation marks
Cited at the end
Example…long quote
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Aronson describes the isolation that is
commonly felt by those caring for patients
suffering from Alzheimer’s disease:
As the chronic illness develops and the physical
and behavior signs of the patient become more
pronounced, the caregiver senses his or her
isolation even more intensely. Friends and relatives
may socialize less frequently. Telephone calls visits
may become few and far between, and the
physical and emotional burdens of caring for the
patient increase. (167)
The author goes on….
Omissions and Changes
 Use
ellipses inside a bracket to show
omission
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“Sometimes it is necessary to change […] or
omit some superfluous information”
(Paxton)
“When [Dr. Minor’s] sons said they wanted
to be doctors” (32)
“Insurance companies insinuate[d]
themselves into” (33)
“[D]octors and hospitals” (32)
Quote within a quote
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Sometimes the source has really good quotes
in it…how do you quote your source’s
sources?
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Go to the bibliography and find the other
source
Quote within a quote: “The research, however,
disagrees with Dr. Stetson, who claims that
‘Thirty percent of teenagers don’t get enough
sleep’” (Paxton 32).
“Thirty percent of teenagers don’t get enough
sleep” (qtd. in Paxton 32).
Effective Quoting
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Use direct quotations sparingly as support for your
own ideas
Use primarily short quotes
Be extremely careful when copying quotations
Give credit to the sources
Integrate quotations smoothly (grammar and
style)
Interpret/discuss all quotes (provide context)
Use the author’s last name or the title to introduce
the quote
Use ellipses/brackets to omit/add to quotes
Provide proper documentation
My source:
 Hult,
Christine A and Thomas N. Huckin.
The New Century Handbook. New York:
Pearson Longman, 2008. Print.
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Please assume that I quoted, directly, everything. Yes, some words
are mine, but 95% is from the book.