Transcript Internet Governance

BENTUK MODEL KELEMBAGAAN
SISTEM NAMA DOMAIN INTERNET
UNTUK INDONESIA
Paparan oleh
Sukarno Abdulrachman
Pembentukan Lembaga Pengelolaan Nama Domain
Jakarta, 19-20 Januari 2005
Ringkasan
 Menemukan dan mengembangkan
MODEL melalui pengamatan POLA
PIKIR, PANDANGAN & SOLUSI di
berbagai belahan dunia
 Paparan tidak membahas MODEL
secara teknis operasional, melainkan
KONSEPTUAL
2
Isi Paparan
1. Pengelolaan Internet – Internet Governance
a. Tantangan
b. Ciri-ciri / Sifat Pengelolaan
2. Sistem Nama Domain se-Dunia,
ICANN
3. Fungsi/ tugas Lembaga
4. Kerja-sama Internasional
5. Benchmarking auDA, CIRA
6. Kesimpulan dan Saran
3
Hal
5
9
16
21
22
31
Referensi-referensi
1.
2.
3.
Presentation Mr. Stuart Lynn, Former
President ICANN, Cornell University,
28 Juni 2005
Kajian Lembaga Internet Indonesia,
DepKomInfo, 2005
ICANN, auDA, CIRA, CENTR, APTLD,
dll.
Internet Governance/
Pengelolaan Internet
What Is Internet Governance?
 Broad View
 Social Policy
Issues





Spam
Cybercrime
Terrorism
Pornography
Copyrights
 Economic Policy
Issues
 Haves vs Have Nots
 Taxation
 Legal
6
 Enforcement
 Narrow View
 Central
Coordination
 Names
 Numbers
 Etc
 Internet Stability
 (ITU vs ICANN)
Tantangan dalam Pengelolaan
Internet
 Trans-jurisdictional (Melintasi batas-batas Negara)
 Nations, states, etc.
 Rapid change (Perubahan Cepat Sekali)
 Instant obsolescence
 Porous (Terbuka)
 Open to “all” and “everything”
 Lack of ”situs” (Lokasi fisik tidak menentu)
 Anywhere, any place, any time
 Conflicting interests (Konflik Kepentingan Disputes)
 Dan lain-lain
7
Ciri-ciri / Sifat-sifat Pengelolaan
Internet
(Juga untuk Pengelolaan Domain)
 Governance should be characterized by:
 Democratic & transparent processes
 Open participation
Governments, private sector, civil
society etc
 Avoidance of undue influence, capture
 Efficient management, decision-making
 Kompetisi, dimana mungkin
8
The Domain Name System
9
Domain Names
 In place of a hard to remember number
 IP (Internet Protocol) address
 128.82.48.10
 Use an easy to remember domain
name
 www.msl.net
10
The Domain Name Hierarchy
The Root
Root
Top Level Domains
Second Level
Domains
.com
.edu
Cnet.com
Third Level Domains
...
.id
.uk
or.id
abc.or.id
Global TLDs
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.biz
ccTLDs
...
The Domain Name System /Process
Root
Zone
File
USER
abc.msl.net??
ISP
Domain
Name
Resolver
ICANN
Root
Root
Server
Root
Server
Server
Register
Domain
Names
REGISTRY
IP
Address
of
.net
Registry
..net
Registry
NAME SERVERS
IP Address of
abc.msl.net
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REGISTRAR(S)
IP
Address
of
.msl.net
Registry
.msl.net
Registry
ICANN
Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
ICANN Mission
 Coordinate allocation/assignment of Internet
unique identifiers
 Names, addresses, protocol numbers
 Coordinate operation/evolution of DNS
 Stability
 Coordinate policy development
 Reasonably/appropriately related
 Promote core values
 Stability, delegation, consensus
 Competition, market mechanisms
 Openness, transparency, fairness,
accountability
 Respect for role of governments
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ICANN Organization (2005)
ICANN
Board of Directors
Ombudsman
GAC
Government
Government
Advisory Council
Council
CCNSO
Country Code
Code Names
Names
Supporting Organization
Organization
At Large
Advisory Committee
Liaison
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ALAC
At-Large
Advisory Council
Council
GNSO
Generic Names
Supporting Organization
Organization
Security & Stability
Advisory Committee
Liaison
President/CEO
Staff
ASO
Address
Supporting Organization
Organization
Root System Server
Advisory Committee
Liaison
Technical Liaison
Group
(IETF)
ccTLD Managers objectives
(CENTR)
• ccTLD Managers will operate under the
law of the country or territory where they
are located
 A ccTLD Manager is entrusted with the
management of the ccTLD, but has no
interest in intellectual property rights in
the 2 letter code
 A ccTLD Manager should be equitable and
fair to all eligible registrants and operate
the database with accuracy, robustness,
and resilience
“Manager” = Lembaga / Badan
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The Local Internet Community
(CENTR)
• Public and private sector (commercial, non
commercial, users, government)
• Authority of the ccTLD manager comes from
serving the LIC
• The LIC has the overall responsibility for local
policies and will coordinate these policies with
respect to the technical operability of the
Registry
• The role of the IANA as a DNS support
service is accepted and supported by ccTLD
community
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”Local” = negara y.b.s.
Why is Public / Private sector
partnership important?
 Internet technology is changing too fast for many
international organisations/forums
 The Internet is a “self organizing”network (not
following set paths) shows that traditional
“regulations”will not work. The system will
automatically find a path around any
“restriction”.
 Consensus based Policy at National and
International level should result in light weight
market driven improvements to services to the
Internet users.
• Improvements in services is good for
development of society and economic growth.
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Top Level Domain Manager /
Administrator
 Kembangkan Best Practice for ccTLD
Manager
 (Lihat halaman berikut)
 Kembangkan ‘Guidelines on the operation
of ccTLD registry‘
 Partisipasi dalam menyusun ‘Policies for
registry’, berdasarkan “azas-azas”:
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




self-organised regulation
bottom-up authority
consensus
transparency
cooperation based on trust and fairness
Best Practices -Scope
 Duties of the ccTLD Manager
 Process to Define the Local Internet
Community
 Process to Register Domain Names
 Registrant Policies
 Technical Requirements
 Relationship with IANA
 Financial Basis of Operation
 Subcontracting
 Data Security
 Domain Name Dispute Resolution
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Kerjasama Internasional
antar Pengelola Nama Domain
 (contoh) Council of European National Top
Level Domain Registries (CENTR). Not-forprofit organisation, based in Oxford,
Salzburg and Brussels.
 Established March 1998. 45 anggota
 (contoh) APTLD (Asia Pacific Top Level
Domain Association) is an organisation
for ccTLD (country-code Top Level
Domain) registries in Asia Pacific region.
 Established in 1998, and in 2003 legally
established in Malaysia. 18 anggota
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au Domain Administration Ltd. (auDA)
 About auDA
 .au Domain Administration Ltd (auDA) is the
policy authority and industry self-regulatory
body for the .au domain space.
 Role of auDA
 auDA carries out the following functions:
 develop and implement domain name policy
 license 2LD registry operators
 accredit and license registrars
 implement consumer safeguards
 facilitate .au Dispute Resolution Policy
 represent .au at ICANN and other international
fora.
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Tentang auDA
 Delegate for .au and all .au 2LDs (dapat
dilimpahkan)
 Industry self-regulatory body
 Non-profit organisation
 Membership-based
supply, demand, representative assoc
 13 directors
11 elected by members, 2 appointed
 3 fulltime staff
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Tentang auDA
 Implement consumer safeguards
 Facilitate .au Dispute Resolution Policy
 Represent .au internationally
 ICANN, ccTLD, APTLD, dll.
 Policy:
 Manage .au in the public interest
 Preserve security and integrity of the DNS
 Promote development of competitive industry
 Protect interests of Registrants
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Industry Structure (Australia)
auDA
Registry
Registrar
Registrar
Reseller
Registrant
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Registrar
Reseller
Registrant
Reseller
Registrant
Registry (Australia)
[AusRegistry Pty Ltd]
 Licensed by auDA
 appointed by competitive tender
 Operate registry for one or more 2LDs
 Technical functions




run nameservers
maintain database of domain names
receive approved registrations from Registrars
operate WHOIS service
 Appointed by auDA in December 2001
 4 year licence to operate registry for 5
2LDs
 asn.au, com.au, id.au, net.au, org.au
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 Must meet auDA technical specifications
Canada (CIRA)
 Canadian Internet Registration Authority
(CIRA); Not-for-profit corporation for
managing the .ca domain space in the
public interest. (1998)
 1999. Canadian government recognized
CIRA as the new administrator of the .ca.
 Government set the general principles
and structure of CIRA to administer the
.ca domain space.
 2000. Agreement between Gov and CIRA
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Tentang CIRA
 The general principles are:
 Open and transparent, that ensures wide
public access to all relevant information;
following fair and sound business
practices;
 Appropriate balance of representation,
accountability and diversity on the Board
of Directors for all categories of
stakeholders;
 Service quick and easy, priced
competitively;
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Tentang CIRA
 The general principles are:
 Reducing conflicts between persons granted
domain names and other rights holders,
including trade-marks or business names;
and
 Administering a system that facilitates and
encourages entry for new players including
registrars.
 Volunteer Board of Directors (14 members) –
policy setting
 3 Directors (representing User Community,
Industry, Registrars)
 9 Directors elected by mCIRA members
 2 Ex-officio members non voting (Gov + CEO)
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Struktur Organisasi LII
LII 29
BOARD
President
and CEO
3
GAC
2
-Mastel
-ISOC-ID
-FTII
-ATSI
-Portal
-Webhost
-IndoWLI
-Awari
-Etc…
ASO
2
Terdiri dari:
-APJII
-Napsindo
-TLKM,
-Indosat, dll
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DNSO
ACCS2
CERT
Etc
-gTLD
-ccTLD
-Registrars
Akreditasi
&
Sertifikasi
ID-First
ID-Cert
Lain-2
Domain
Registrars
3
3
OPR’NT
Keterangan:
IP
GAC: Government Advisory Committee
Registrars
NGAC: Non Government Advisory Committee
ASO: Address Supporting Organization
DNSO: Domain Name Supporting Organization
ACCS: Accreditation and Sertification Organization
CERT: Computer Emergency Response Team
Badan Penyelesaian sengketa
Etc: Lain2, disiapkan untuk perangkat lembaga lainnya
2
POLICY
At Large
Memberships
-Postel
-Kominfo
-Indag
-POLRI
-TNI
2
NGAC
Sekretariat
Badan
Penyelesaian
Sengketa
Kajian Lembaga Internet Indonesia, hal 48
Kesimpulan & Saran
tentang
Bentuk Model Lembaga
Pengelola Nama Domain Indonesia
1. Lembaga menyandang tugas sebagai
Manager / Administrator Top Level Domain,
dengan Dewan Pimpinan (Board) yang
integritasnya tinggi, peduli akan kemajuan
Internet di Indonesia. Organisasi adalah
“Not for Profit”.
2. Pada dasarnya Lembaga adalah juga
Registry, tetapi tugas itu dapat juga
didelegasikan ke badan lain, komersial,
yang berkualifikasi teknis (dasar kontrak) –
pola Australia
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Kesimpulan & Saran
3. Lembaga merupakan Public-Private
Partnership, dengan pendekatan “industry
selfregulation”, dimana intervensi Pemerintah
dibuat minimal / sekecil mungkin,
4. Lembaga memiliki tugas mewakili “komunitas
Internet Indonesia” di berbagai forum
Internasional, sejauh mengenai masalah
(sistem) nama domain – ICANN, IANA,
APTLD, ITU (?)
5. Azas-azas harus ditetapkan dan pegang
teguh, a.l. transparansi, pendekatan
konsensus, fairness.
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Kesimpulan & Saran
6.Perangkat-perangkat dikembangkan
dan dipraktekkan dengan patuh-azas,
sehingga terbentuk Best Practices yang
dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
7.Lembaga berpartisipasi dalam
Penyelesaian Sengketa (perlu didalami,
dan dilaksanakan sesuai arahan/
guidelines ICANN, dls)
8.Bila mungkin, adakan benchmarking ke
2-3 negara.
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TERIMA KASIH
[email protected]