Transcript No Slide Title

SITE REMEDIATION
Pedro A. García Encina
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Valladolid
1
CONTAMINATED SITES
In the past much wastes were dumped
indiscriminately or disposed of in inadequate
facilities. These problems went ignored as did
spills of product or leaks from tanks.
Theses practices contaminated sites with
hazardous substances that pose a threat to
human populations.
2
HAZARDOUS WASTE - Characteristics
Corrosivity - waste that is highly acidic or alkaline,
pH <2 or pH >12.5.
with
Ignitability - waste that is easily ignited.
Reactivity - waste that is capable of sudden, harmful
reaction or explosion.
Toxicity -
waste capable of releasing specified, toxic
substances to water in significant
concentrations.
3
HAZARDOUS WASTE - Major Categories
Inorganic Aqueous Waste - liquid waste composed of acids,
alkalis or heavy metals in water.
Organic Aqueous Waste - mixtures of hazardous organic
substances (pesticides, petrochemicals) and water.
Oils - liquid waste composed primarily of petroleum derived oils
(lubrication oils, cutting fluids).
Inorganic Sludges/Solids sludges, dusts, solids, nonliquid wastes containing hazardous inorganic substances
(metal fabricating wastes).
Organic Sludges/Solids - tars, sludges, solids and other nonliquid wastes containing organic hazardous substances
(contaminated soils).
4
Toxicity Characteristics of
Hazardous Wastes
Acute Toxicity - results in harmful effects shortly after a
single exposure, such as cyanide poisoning.
Chronic Toxicity - may take up to many years to result in
toxic effects, such as cancer or long-term illness.
5
HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT
•
•
•
•
Source Reduction
Recycling
Treatment
Disposal
6
POLLUTANT REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
7
WASTE MINIMIZATIONPREVENTING TOMORROW´S
REMEDIATION PROBLEMS
Many of today´s contaminated sites are
the result of accepted lawful wastedisposal practices of years ago
8
SITE REMEDIATION
•
•
•
•
Source Reduction (?)
Recycling (difficult)
Treatment
Disposal
9
SITE REMEDIATION
METHODOLOGY
· SITE CHARACTERIZATION
· REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
· DESIGN, CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE
10
SITE CHARACTERIZATION - Definition
Site Characterization is defined as the
qualitative and quantitative description of
the conditions on and beneath the site
which are pertinent to hazardous waste
management.
11
SITE CHARACTERIZATION - Goals
The goals of site characterization are to:
1. Determine the extent and magnitude of
contamination
2. Identify contaminant transport pathways and
receptors
3. Determine risk of exposure
12
Zones of Contamination
13
Identification of Receptors and Pathways
receptors
storage
tank
residual
gasoline
groundwater
table
gasoline vapors
Domestic
well
floating gasoline
groundwater flow
14
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
15
METHODS OF SITE CHARACTERIZATION
Remote Methods
Direct Methods
• Seismic Survey
• Soil Resistivity
• Ground Penetrating
Radar
• Magnetometer Survey
• Auger Drilling
• Rotary Drilling
• Soil Excavation
16
REMOTE SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
Seismic Survey
Shock wave propagates faster through
rock than soil, depth to rock and rock
type can be determined.
Source
Geologic
Wave
MaterialVelocity (m/s)
Dry sand
500-900
Wet sand
600-1800
Clay
900-2800
Water
1400-1700
Sandstone
1800-4000
Limestone
2100-6100
Granite
4600-5800
Geophones
Soil
Rock
Seismic
wave
17
REMOTE SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
R 
Soil Resistivity
Soil/rock type can be determined by
soil resistivity.
R=soil resistivity(ohm-m)
s=electrode spacing (m)
V=measured voltage (volts)
I=applied current (amperes)
Current
Meter
Battery
Voltage Meter
s
2  sV
I
Soil Type
Resistivity
Range (ohm-m)
Clays
1-150
Alluvium and sand
100-1,500
Fractured bedrock
Low 1,000s
Massive bedrock
High 1,000s
Current flow lines
18
DIRECT SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
Auger Drilling
• Useful in unconsolidated geologic
materials.
• Sample collection easy, intact
samples can be collected with
hollow-stem auger.
• Cannot be used where significant
consolidated rock is present.
• Does not alter subsurface geochemistry.
Rod inside
hollow stem
for removing
plug
Flight
Removable
Plug
Drill Bit
19
DIRECT SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
Rotary Drilling
• Useful in consolidated geologic
materials, can drill through rock.
• Subsurface samples contaminated
with drilling mud.
• Air-rotary may blow volatile
contaminants into surrounding
subsurface structures
(basements).
• Mud-rotary alters subsurface
chemistry.
mud pump
mud pit
20
DIRECT SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
Drilling through confining layers may allow the spread
of contamination from one hydrologic unit to another.
monitoring
well
leaking
tank
soil
contaminated
ground water
confining layer (clay)
uncontaminated water
21
DIRECT SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
Soil Excavation
Advantages
• No specialized equipment,
typically uses backhoe.
• Subsurface samples can be
collected directly.
• Inexpensive.
• Good source removal mechanism.
Disadvantages
• Useful only in unconsolidated
geologic materials to a maximum
depth of 10 meters.
• Large surface disturbance.
• Excavation not useful for long
term groundwater monitoring.
22
SOIL CHARACTERIZATION
Soil Contaminant Sampling
• Performed during drilling or excavation.
• Collection of samples from several depths within the soil profile.
• Where volatile compounds are present, sampling should be done in
air-tight glass containers. No headspace should be left in the
containers.
• Samples should be chilled for transportation to the laboratory.
23
GROUNDWATER CHARACTERIZATION
Extent of Contamination:
Successive wells should be drilled
until the extent of the groundwater
contaminant plume is defined.
24
AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION
Source:
Waste pile
Release Mechanism:
Volatilization
Transport Medium:
Air
Exposure Mechanism:
Inhalation or skin contact
Exposure Point:
May be distant from source, depends
on concentration and wind speed
25
AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION
Measurement Techniques
Laboratory Analysis: Samples can be collected in the field in an
air-tight bag (Tedlar™ ) and sampled in the laboratory.
Field Analysis: Samples can be analyzed in the field via
handheld instrumentation such as a photo-ionization detector
for volatile organic compounds or a draw-tube collection device
(such as a Drager™ tube).
26
AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION
Reducing Airborne Hazards
Airborne Hazards Reduction can be accomplished
through:
• Source removal
• Covering the source (prevents volatilization)
• Dilution with clean air (if indoors)
27
ASSESSING EXPOSURE RISK
Definition: Assessment of exposure risk seeks to
determine the probability that contamination will
migrate to a receptor (human or animal) and be
ingested (eaten, inhaled, or absorbed by the skin).
28
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
2
3
4
1
29
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
2
Contaminated groundwater: exposure from
drinking or from breathing contaminated vapors
3
liberated during bathing
4
1
30
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
2
3
4
Inhalation of airborne contaminants:
volatilized from the source and carried by wind.
1
31
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
2
3
4
Direct contact with contaminated soil: exposure
from skin contact with contaminants in soil.
1
32
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
2
3
4
Indirect contact: exposure to contaminant
from crops or animals which have accumulated
contamination from soil or groundwater
1
33
SITE REMEDIATION
METHODOLOGY
· SITE CHARACTERIZATION
· REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
· DESIGN, CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE
34
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
• Identify general response to actions for each
objective
• Characterise media to be remediated
• Identify potential technologies
• Screen the potential technologies
• Assemble the screened technologies into
alternatives
35
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
1. Long term effectiveness
2. Long term reliability
3. Implementability
4. Short term effectiveness
5. Cost
36
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
1. Long term effectiveness
 Qualitative
of how well an alternative meets
2. Longassessment
term reliability
the remedial action objective over the long term
3. Implementability
 To calculate by means of a complete analysis the
4. Short
term
effectiveness
residual
risk (Risk
represented
by untreated contaminants
or residuals
remaining at the site)
5. Cost
37
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
1. Long term effectiveness
2. Long term reliability
 Is only
a issue with the alternatives that leave untreated
3. Implementability
contaminants or treatment residuals at site at the
4. Short
term
effectiveness
conclusion
of the
implementation
period
5.tradeoff
Cost that require careful consideration at most
 One
sites is whether to treat or to contain
38
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
1. Long term effectiveness
2. Long term reliability
3. Implementability Function of
 History of the demonstrated performance of a
4. Short term effectiveness
technology
 Ability
toCost
construct and operate it given the existing
5.
conditions at the particular site
Ability to obtain the necessary permits from regulatory
agencies
39
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
 Deals primarily with the effects on human health an
the environment of the remediation itself during its
implementation
phase
1. Long term
effectiveness
 Health and environmental risk
2.
Long
term
reliability
 Worker safety
Implementability
3.Implementation
time
4. Short term effectiveness
5. Cost
40
ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
 The weight given to the cost when evaluating
alternatives
depend
upon
the particular guidance of the
1. Long
term
effectiveness
agency
2. Long term reliability
Capital costs (the cost to construct the remedy)
3. Implementability
Operating and maintenance cost (O & M) (post4. Shortexpenditures)
term effectiveness
construction
5. Cost
41
TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
On site
· In situ
· Ex situ (Excavation)
Off site (Excavation & Transportation)
42
HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT METHODS
Physical/Chemical Methods: Mass transfer and chemical
transformation processes resulting in the removal or remediation
of contamination by abiotic, not combustion means.
Biological Methods: Transformation or binding of contaminants by
microorganisms, principally bacteria.
Waste Stabilization: Containment of wastes such that they pose no
further threat to receptors.
Combustion Methods: Transformation of organic wastes by
burning.
43
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
Description - soil vapor extraction (SVE) uses a vacuum applied to soil
to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the unsaturated
zone.
Uses - effective for contaminants with high vapor pressure, such as
gasoline compounds, chlorinated solvents.
Advantages - low cost, simple design and operation, efficient removal
of VOCs from unsaturated zone.
Disadvantages - not effective for non-volatile compounds, not effective
in low permeability soils or where groundwater is close to the surface,
may need to treat off-gas in another process, does not address
groundwater contamination.
44
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
Vapor
Extraction
Pump
contaminated soil
air movement through
contaminated soil
Water
Table
Contaminated Groundwater
45
AIR STRIPPING
Description - enhances volatilization of dissolved contaminants from
water. Can be used for treatment of either process wastewater or
groundwater pumped to the surface.
Uses - remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water.
Advantages - simple operation, efficient removal of low concentrations
of VOCs.
Disadvantages - high capital cost, design intensive, may need to treat
off-gas in another process.
46
Packed Column Air Stripper
Water Inlet
(contaminated)
Air
Outlet
(contaminated)
Types of Packing Materials
Intalox
saddle
Raschig
ring
Pall
ring
Berl
saddle
Tri-pack
Packing
Material
Water
Outlet
(clean)
Air Inlet
(clean)
47
Packed Column Air Stripper
Typical Air-Stripping Column
Specifications:
Diameter: 0.5 - 3 meters
Height: 1 - 15 meters
Air/Water ratio: 5-200
Pressure drop: 200 - 400 N/m2
Stripping Column
Off-gas Treatment System
48
CARBON ADSORPTION
Description - carbon adsorption uses granular activated carbon (GAC)
to remove organic contaminants from a water or vapor stream.
Contaminated air/water is pumped through the GAC unit and
contaminants adsorb onto carbon particles by electrostatic forces.
Uses - effective for a wide range of organic contaminants. Is commonly
used both for process waste treatment and for hazardous waste
remediation.
Advantages - easy to install, can completely remove many organics,
can treat either water or vapor stream.
Disadvantages - high operating expense, carbon must be changed
periodically, contaminants are not mineralized.
49
SOIL WASHING OR FLUSHING
Description - Excavated soil is flushed with water or other solvent to
leach out contamination. Based on the principles of solid-liquid
extraction
Uses - remove organic wastes and certain (soluble) inorganic wastes
Advantages - simple operation, efficient removal of organic contaminants
(VOC, semi VOC and halogenated organics) . For metal, it has been
successful at extracting organically bound metals (tetraethyl lead)
Disadvantages - Longer washing times and soil-handling problems with
lower-permeability clays and clay-like soils
50
SCHEMATIC FLOWSHEET OF A SOIL
WASHING SYSTEM
51
CHEMICAL OXIDATION
Description - organic chemicals in extracted groundwater or industrial process
wastewater are transformed into less harmful compounds through oxidation by
ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorine (Cl2) or ultraviolet radiation
(UV). UV is often used in combination with ozone or hydrogen peroxide.
Uses - effective for a wide range of organic contaminants such as VOCs,
mercaptians, and phenols. Can also be used for some inorganics, such as
cyanide. Process is non-specific, oxidant will react with any reducing agent
present in the waste, such as naturally occurring organic matter.
Advantages - effective, reliable treatment for waste streams which contain a
variety of contaminants, often used for drinking water purification.
Disadvantages - high operating expense, incomplete oxidation may create
chlorinated organic molecules (if Cl2 is used), generation of oxidizing agent
typically cannot vary with fluctuating contaminant concentrations.
52
CHEMICAL OXIDATION
Reactor Configuration
Power
System
Effluent
Control
System
H 2O2
Storage
Influent
Reaction
Chamber
flowm
eter
UV Lamps
53
Fraction TCE Remaining
CHEMICAL OXIDATION - Results
Initial TCE =58 mg/L
54
CHEMICAL OXIDATION - Results
Halogenated aliphatic destruction by H2O2 and UV at 20oC.
55
CHEMICAL OXIDATION - Design Considerations
Thermodynamics: Free energy available from reactions
Oxidant
O3
H 2 O2
Cl2
Free Energy (E, volts)
2.07
1.78
1.36
Kinetics: Reaction must proceed to necessary completion within
the residence time in the reactor vessel. Combination of UV with
ozone or hydrogen peroxide increases reaction kinetics .
Design Steps:
1) Will oxidation reaction proceed with contaminants present?
2) What is the contact time necessary between the oxidant and the
contaminants present?
56
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Description - contaminated liquid or solid is placed in a reactor vessel with
the extraction fluid, which is heated and pressurised to the critical point
(see chart). In treatment of hazardous wastes, fluids most commonly
used are water and CO2, some organic solvents may also be used.
Uses - supercritical fluid extraction can be used to treat contaminated soils,
sediments, sludges, solids or liquids.
Advantages - effective treatment for process wastes or extracted soil or
groundwater which is either highly contaminated with organic compounds
or with very recalcitrant (hard to treat) organics
Disadvantages - expensive, solids must be reduced in size to 100 um to
pass through high pressure pumps.
57
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Reactor Configuration
Schematic diagram of
reactor for the
extraction of organic
compounds from water,
CO2 is the extraction
fluid.
58
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Solvent Selection Criteria
Cost - water, CO2 are least expensive
Recoverability - solvent must be recoverable for process to
be economical
Hazard in use - SFE involves high temperatures and
pressures which reactor vessels must be built to
withstand
Critical temperature and pressure - the higher the critical T
and P of the solvent, the greater the operating expense
Distribution coefficient - determines the solvent/ contaminant
ratio which can be used.
59
MEMBRANE PROCESSES
Electrodialysis - separation of ionic species from water by
direct-current electric field. Useful for removal of charged
ions and metals from water.
Reverse Osmosis - solvent is forced through a semipermeable membrane by the application of pressures in
excess of the osmotic pressure. Useful for removal of
metals and some organics.
Ultrafiltration - separates dissolved contaminants on the
basis of molecular size. Lower limit for molecular weight
is approximately 500.
60
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Description - biodegradation uses micro-organisms (bacteria) to remove
organic contaminants from vapors, liquids or solids. Most organic
contaminants are utilized by bacteria as both a carbon and energy
source.
Uses - biological processes are effective on both process waste streams
and remediation of soil and groundwater. Biodegradation systems for soil
and groundwater can by designed either in-situ (in place) or ex-situ
(removed from the ground).
Advantages - low cost, low site disturbance, effective for many organic
contaminants.
Disadvantages - long clean-up times, not effective for inorganic
contaminants, specialized conditions necessary for chlorinated solvent
degradation.
61
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Necessary Constituents:
• microorganisms capable of degrading contaminants
• contaminants in aqueous (water) phase
• available electron acceptor present
Aerobic Degradation: takes place in the presence of
molecular oxygen (O2), the most energetically favorable
electron acceptor.
Anaerobic Degradation: when O2 is not available, other
compounds can act as electron acceptors for
biodegradation processes, such as NO3, Fe+3, Mn+4,
SO4, and CO2.
62
Energy Available from Electron Acceptor
Processes
DG
Electron
Toluene
Acceptor
O2
NO 3
+3
Fe , Mn
SO-42
CO 2
+4
-3913
-3778
~ -2175
-358
-37
o
(kJ/ mol mineralized)
Benzene
-3566
-3245
~ -2343
-340
-136
63
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Remediation of soil and groundwater
In-situ biodegradation:
Natural attenuation
Engineered systems
Ex-situ biodegradation:
Pump and treat systems for groundwater
Landfarming systems for soil treatment
64
In-Situ Biodegradation - Natural Attenuation
-2
-
65
Natural Attenuation of Contaminants
Typical Contaminant / Electron Acceptor
Concentrations with Distance
-2
-
-2
-
66
Relative Importance of Electron Acceptor Processes
at 25 Air Force Sites
Methanogenesis
39%
Aerobic
Respiration
10%
Denitrification
14%
Iron (III)
Reduction
8%
Sulfate
Reduction
29%
Source: Wiedemeier et al.,
1995
67
Stoichiometric Conversion Example: Iron
Reduction
BTEX + 36Fe+3 + 21H2O
36Fe+2 + 7CO2 + 7H2O
Assume 20 mg/l Fe+2 observed in aquifer
Calculate BTEX consumed per unit volume:
(20 mg/l
Fe+2
produced )
(
1 mmol Fe+2
56 mg Fe+2
)(
1 mmol BTEX
36 mmol Fe+2
)(
92 mg BTEX
1 mmol BTEX
)
= 0.9 mg/l BTEX consumed in aquifer
Calculate groundwater flux and total BTEX consumed:
Flux = vwh = 1000 ft3/d = 7500 gal/d = 28x103 l/d
Assume:
Vgw = 1 ft/day
Plume width = 100’ BTEX consumed = (28x103 l/d) (0.9 mg/l)
Plume height = 10’
= 25 g
BTEX/day
68
In-Situ Biodegradation - Engineered Systems
Air-sparging/nutrient addition system
Groundwater
treatment unit
air
compressor
water/nutrient
supply tank
injection
well
water table
pump
contaminated
soil
air
sparger
confining layer
69
In-Situ Biodegradation - Engineered Systems
Infiltration gallery, recirculating system
70
In-Situ Biodegradation - Engineered Systems
Combination air injection/extraction system
water table
71
In-Situ Biodegradation - Engineered Systems
Air injection bioventing
72
Ex-Situ Biodegradation - Pump and treat
Vacuum Pump
Liquid phase
Bioreactor
Vacuum
Air removal
Oil/water
Separator
Water Table
Skimmer
Pump
Liquid
Hydrocarbon
Contaminant
73
Ex-Situ Biodegradation - Biofiltration
Moisture
Addition
Biofilter
Blower
Vapor
Extraction
Well
Contaminated Soil
Biofilter is colonized with bacteria
capable of degrading contaminants.
Media can be soil, peat, compost, or
manufactured packing material.
74
Ex-Situ Biodegradation - Biopiles
Air Intakes
Gas Monitoring Probes
Irrigation
Piping
Wood Chips
Weights
Tarp
Aeration
Pipes
Crushed
Stone
Soil
Curb
Contaminated Soil
Impermeable
Base
Aeration Pipe
Leachate
Pipe
75
Ex-Situ Biodegradation - Landfarming
Procedures:
• Excavated soils are spread onto the ground surface to a depth of
less than 0.5 meters.
• Underlying soils should be low permeability, or a clay liner or
impermeable membrane should be used to prevent contaminant
migration to groundwater.
• Landfarmed soils should be tilled every 2-3 months and kept moist.
76
WASTE STABILIZATION AND CONTAINMENT
Procedure: Excavated soils or process wastes are secured such that
contaminant migration will not occur (containment), or are mixed
with binding agents that solidify the waste and prevent leaching or
release of the contaminants (stabilization).
Processes:
• Encapsulation
• Sorption processes
• Polymer stabilization
• In-situ vitrification
77
78
79
COMBUSTION METHODS
Description: waste combustion can take place in hazardous waste
incinerators, cement kilns, or industrial boilers. Most significant design
parameter is the heat value of the waste. Many concentrated organic
wastes will support combustion without supplemental fuel.
Applicable wastes: all organic wastes can be mineralized using
combustion methods. Metals are oxidized in the combustion process
and are either vented in gaseous form or are concentrated in ash.
Metals prone to gaseous emission are arsenic, antimony, cadmium,
and mercury.
Procedure: Wastes are graded for suitability for combustion. Waste
analysis also indicates the proper fuel/air mixture for complete
combustion.
80
81
CONTAINMENT
Frecuently it is necessary to minimize the rate of
off site contaminant migration employing
containments technologies to minimize risk to
public health and environment.
Containment technologies may be associated with
other technologies to implement a long-term cleanup strategy for the site
82
CONTAINMENT
Active system components require considerable
effort and on-going energy in put to operate (For
example pumping wells)
Pasive system components work without much
attention, except maintenance (such a cover)
83
BARRIER
84
BARRIER
85
86
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES
1. Data Needs
A.
B.
C.
Site Characterization
Regulatory Disposition
Risk Assessment
2. Establishment of Site Objectives
A.
Clean-up Level Necessary
B.
Long-term Liability
C.
Costs
3. Development and Analysis of Alternatives
A.
Development of Possible Alternatives
B.
Analysis of Alternatives for Effectiveness
4. Remedial Option Selection, Implementation, and Monitoring
A.
Remedial Option Selection
B.
Implementation
C.
Long term Site Monitoring
87
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES
Data Needs:
• Understand extent and magnitude of contamination. A
thorough site characterization is necessary. Chemical fate
and transport must be understood.
• Determine risk to potential receptors. This is necessary to
correctly focus efforts where they are most needed. Typical
exposure pathways include groundwater wells and airborne
contaminants.
• Determine what limits or requirements are placed on the
clean up by government regulations. It is important to
insure that all participants understand and agree on the goal
of the remedial effort.
88
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES
Establishment of Site Objectives:
• Establishment or negotiation of acceptable clean-up goals is
necessary prior to selection of a remedial process.
• The extent of long-term liability for the site should be
considered.
• Costs of each remedial option must be considered along
with the financial means of the financially responsible party.
Options for cost assistance should be considered at this
stage (national and international).
89
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES
Development and Analysis of Alternatives:
• A list of potential remedial alternatives is compiled for further
study based on their feasibility to clean up the site.
• Criteria for selection of a remedial alternative are
effectiveness, reliability, cost, time to implementation, and
time to clean up.
• Before a remedial solution is chosen, a detailed plan of
implementation should be formulated to insure that the
technique is capable of remediating the site to the goals
prescribed.
90
SELECTION OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES
Remedial Option Implementation and Monitoring:
• After a remedial option is selected, construction contracts
and engineering designs must be completed. Can be done
by employee engineers or contractor engineers (must be
familiar with technology chosen).
• Long term site monitoring should continue to insure that the
solution is working, and that further contaminant migration
does not occur. Monitoring should include all applicable
media (groundwater, soil vapor, and air).
91
CONTAMINATED
SITES IN SPAIN
92
ACTIONS TO
BE CARRIED
OUT IN SPAIN
93
LEY 10/98 DE RESIDUOS
CONTAMINATED SITES
· Depends of Comunidades Autónomas
· List of contaminated places (priority to clean-up)
· Need to clean-up the site
· The responsible of the contamination
· The owner of the site
94
REGIONAL
PLANS
95
CONTAMINATED SITE (BOECILLO)
96
CONTAMINATED SITE (BOECILLO)
97
CONTAMINATED SITE (BOECILLO)
98