Transcript Ingen lysbildetittel

1
Wind Turbines
2
Different types of wind turbines
• Drag-type turbines
– Persian windmill
– Chinese wind wheel
– Saviounus
• Lift-type turbines
– VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
• Darrieus
– HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
• The Danish concept
• American multiblade
• Grumman windstream
3
Drag-type turbines
Savonious
The Persian windmill
The Chinese wind wheel
4
Drag-type turbines
Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html
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Lift-type turbines
VAWT, Darrieus
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Lift-type turbines
VAWT, Darrieus
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Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html
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Lift-type turbines
HAWT, American Multiblade
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Lift-type turbines
HAWT, Grumman
Windstream
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Lift-type turbines
HAWT, The
Danish Concept
• The blades upwind the rotor
• Constant speed on the rotor
• Power output limitation
– Stall control
• Brakes
– Mechanical
– Aerodynamic
11
HEIGHT [M]
Development of HAWT
SPEED
n
20
17
13
5 – 15
3 – 10 rpm
12
Wind power and energy
• Power output from
wind turbines:
A
3
c
Power     A 
2
• Energy production
from wind turbines:
Energy  Power  Time
C
13
Energy flux for wind turbines
3
c
P     A 
2
Where:
P = Power

=
c =
A =
 =
Density
Velocity
Area
Efficiency
[W]
[kg/m3]
[m/s]
[m2]
[-]
Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology,
David A. Spera,
ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7
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The
world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines
Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s
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Global Installed wind power
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Installed wind power
Source: www.gwec.net
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Wind power capacity global forecast
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Wind Power in Norway
per 1st January 2006
• Energy goal for 2010:
3 TWh
• Wind farms in operation:
–
–
–
–
Number of wind farms:
Number of wind mills:
Installed power:
Energy production:
13
165
ca. 320 MW
ca. 900 GWh
• Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built)
–
–
–
–
Number of wind farms:
Number of wind mills:
Installed power:
Energy production:
15
439
1214 MW
3866 GWh
• Planned wind farms (Applied for License)
– Number of wind farms:
– Number of wind mills:
– Installed power:
36
1444
4496 MW
Hitra
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Norwegian wind farms in operation
TILTAKSHAVER
FYLKE
KOMMUNE
Installert
Effekt
MW
AGDER ENERGI NETT AS
VEST-AGDER
LINDESNES
4
5
12
STATKRAFT ENERGI AS
FINNMARK
LEBESBY
40
120
20
SANDØY VINDKRAFT A/S
MØRE OG
ROMSDAL
SANDØY
3,75
11
5
ARCTIC WIND AS
FINNMARK
MÅSØY
40
120
16
HITRA VIND AS
SØR-TRØNDELAG
HITRA
55
150
24
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-1
NORD-TRØNDELAG
ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORDTRØNDELAG
NÆRØY
2
?
1
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-2
NORD-TRØNDELAG
ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORDTRØNDELAG
NÆRØY
3
?
1
KVALHEIM KRAFT AS
SOGN OG
FJORDAN
VÅGSØY
4,25
13
5
NYGÅRDSFJELLET
NARVIK ENERGI AS
NORDLAND
NARVIK
7
21
3
SANDHAUGEN
NORSK MILJØKRAFT
TROMSØ AS
TROMS
TROMSØ
9
20
3
STATKRAFT ENERGI AS
MØRE OG
ROMSDAL
SMØLA
150
450
68
UTSIRA
1
5
2
VIKNA
2,2
6
5
321,2
921
165
NAVN
FJELDSKÅR
GARTEFJELLET
HARØY
HAVØYGAVLEN
HITRA (ELDSFJELLET)
MEHUKEN I
SMØLA
NORSK HYDRO
PRODUKSJON AS
UTSIRA VIND- OG HYDROGENANLEGG
NORD-TRØNDELAG
ELEKTRISITETSVERK
FKF
VIKNA HUSFJELLET
Ref. www.nve.no
ROGALAND
NORDTRØNDELAG
Energi
Produksjon
Antall
[GWh]
Turbiner
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Norwegian wind farms
License is given, but not built
NAVN
ANDMYRAN
BESSAKERFJELLET
Energi
Produksjon
Antall
[GWh]
Turbiner
TILTAKSHAVER
FYLKE
KOMMUNE
Installert
Effekt
MW
ANDMYRAN VINDPARK AS
NORDLAND
ANDØY
160
620
64
ROAN
57
150
25
TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT
SØR-TRØNDELAG
AS
FAKKEN
TROMS KRAFT
PRODUKSJON AS
TROMS
KARLSØY
60
200
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HARBAKSFJELLET
NORSK HYDRO
PRODUKSJON AS
SØR-TRØNDELAG
ÅFJORD
90
200
33
NORD-TRØNDELAG
ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORDTRØNDELAG
NÆRØY
51
160
15
JÆREN ENERGI AS
ROGALAND
TIME OG HÅ
80
260
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NORSK HYDRO
PRODUKSJON AS
ROGALAND
KARMØY
3
?
1
NORSK MILJØKRAFT
TROMSØ AS
TROMS
TROMSØ
200
660
80
LISTA
NORSK MILJØ ENERGI
SØR AS
VEST-AGDER
FARSUND
102
280
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NYGÅRDSFJELLET - TRINN 2
NORDKRAFT VIND AS
NORDLAND
NARVIK
40
120
11
STATKRAFT ENERGI AS
FINNMARK
VADSØ
65
190
16
TYSVÆR VINDPARK AS
ROGALAND
TYSVÆR
39
110
13
BJUGN
12
30
4
BJUGN
6
16
3
VIKNA
249
870
99
1 214
3 866
439
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-3
HØG-JÆREN
KARMØY (OFFSHORE)
KVITFJELL
SKALLHALSEN
TYSVÆR
VALSNESET
VALSNESET TESTSTASJON
YTRE VIKNA
Ref. www.nve.no
TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT
SØR-TRØNDELAG
AS
SØR-TRØNDELAG
VIVA AS
NORDNORD-TRØNDELAG
TRØNDELAG
ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
21
22
HAWT
Horisontal-Axis Wind Turbines
SMØLA
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HAWT
Main Components
•
•
•
•
•
Foundation
Tower
Nacelle
Hub
Turbine blades
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Towers
Lattice tower
Tubular steel towers,
Guyed Pole Tower
Concrete tower
25
Tower designs
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Nacelle and Yaw system
Ref. www.windpower.org
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Yaw system
Ref. www.windpower.org
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Nacelle
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Nacelle
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Nacelle Design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Nacelle Drive Trains
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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VESTAS V90
3 MW
108 TONS
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Multibrid M5000
Power output: 5 MW
Diameter: 116 m.
Turbine speed: 5,9 -14,8 rpm
Masses:
Blade:
16.500 kg
Hub:
60.100 kg
Nacelle: 199.300 kg
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(tons)
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Hydraulic transmission - 5 MW
P = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton)
M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A4VSO1000
G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine
Weights in ton
P
M
G
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Hub design
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Hub design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Hub design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Blade Design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Design at different TSR
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Energy Flux in the wind
3
c
P     Area
2
Where:
P = Power

= Density
c = Velocity
[W]
[kg/m3]
[m/s]
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Wind velocity, power and energy
1000
900
800
c3
Power     A 
2
Time [h/year]
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Velocity [m/s]
600
Energy [kWh/m2]
500
Energy  Power  Time
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
15
Velocity [m/s]
20
25
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Power output
10 000
Wind Power
9 000
8 000
Power [kW]
7 000
Turbine Power
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
0
5
10
15
Wind Speed [m/s]
20
25
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Aerodynamic brakes
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Stall control
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
46
Turbine blade pitch system
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Turbine blade pitch system
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Links
•
•
•
•
www.windpower.org/
www.ewea.org
www.nve.no
www.hydro.com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energ
y/wind/index.html
• www.statkraft.no/pub/vindkraft/index.asp
• www.gwec.net
• http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_wind
/article_1101_en.htm
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Recommended literature
• Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation
– R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1-902916-38-7
• Wind Turbine Technology
– David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7
• Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines
– DNV, RISØ, ISBN no. 87-550-2870-5
• Wind Energy Handbook
– T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0-471-48997-2
• Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
– Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1-902916-06-9