Transcript Slide 1
IMPERATIV I KONJUKTIV Glagolski način (Mood) Postoje tri glagolska načina: Indikativ (pokazni) – the indicative mood. Koristi se da se konstatuju činjenice ili događaji, ili da se postavljaju pitanja o njima, u prošlosti, sadašnjosti ili budućnosti: He always argues. (On se uvek prepire.) My parents arrived last night. (Moji roditelji su stigli sinoć). What will you have, coffee or tea? (Šta ćeš uzeti, kafu ili čaj?) Konjuktiv – the subjunctive mood. Koristi se kada se glagolima iskazuju zamišljena stanja ili radnje (želje, pretpostavke, sumnje, strepnje, itd.) Iza izraza I wish, if only, suppose, kao i u kondicionalnim rečenicama tipa 2 i 3. I wish she were with us! (Bar da je ona s nama!) If I had had time, I would have studied French harder. (Da sam imala vremena, više bih učila francuski.) Suppose they came early. (Zamisli da dođu ranije.) Imperativ (zapovedni način) – the imperative mood. Koristi se kad pomoću glagola iskazujemo naredbe ili molbe. Be quiet! (Ućuti!) Switch off your mobile phones. (Isključite mobilne telefone.) Give me a hand, will you? (Pomozi mi malo!) Open your books, please. (Otvorite knjige, molim vas.) Konjuktiv (The Subjunctive Mood) Konjuktivom se iskazuju zamišljena stanja ili radnje (želje, pretpostavke, sumnje, strepnje, itd.) U indikativu se tvrdnje iskazuju pravom upotrebom vremena. U konjuktivu, međutim, ono što se odnosi na sadašnjost se iskazuje običnim prošlim vremenom (past simple), a ono što se odnosi na prošlost izkazuje se davnim prošlim vremenom (past perfect). PRIMERI: INDIKATIV KONJUKTIV The window is closed. I wish the window were She works from home. You are an expert. I passed all my exams. closed. If only she worked from home. You speak as if you were an expert. I wish I had passed all my exams. U srpskom jeziku glagoli nemaju posebne oblike za konjuktiv, ovi oblici se prevode indikativom, a u kondicionalnim rečenicama potencijalom: It’s high time they left. (Krajnje je vreme da odu – prezent indikativa) If I found a wallet in the street, I would take it to the police. (Kad bih našla novčanik na ulici, odnela bih ga u policiju.) – odnosi se na sadašnjost If you had helped me, I would have finished cleaning sooner. (Da si mi pomogao, ranije bih završila spremanje.) – odnosi se na prošlost Upotreba konjuktiva Konjuktiv se u savremenom engleskom jeziku sve manje upotrebljava. Umesto njega upotrebljavaju se razni modalni glagoli sa infinitivom glavnog glagola. Oni mnogo bolje prenose značenja želje, preporuke, mogućnosti, sposobnosti, itd. nego konjuktiv. Upotreba konjuktiva ograničena je na ustaljene izraze koji iskazuju želju ili naredbu, uz nadu da će se ona ispuniti. U navedenim primerima koristi se prezent konjuktiva: Long live our President! (Živeo predsednik!) God save the Queen! (Bog nek čuva kraljicu!) Lord have mercy on us. (Neka nam se Gospod smiluje.) Ukoliko se upotrebi prošlo vreme konjuktiva, ne očekuje se ispunjenje želje: If only my father were alive! Prezent konjuktiva se upotrebljava posle nekih glagola kao što su insist, demand, suggest koji izražavaju naređenje, zahtev, nastojanje. Ova upotreba je gotovo ograničena na književni, formalni jezik. The chairperson demanded that the meeting be adjourned. Prošlo vreme konjuktiva (Past Simple Subjunctive) upotrebljava se iza izraza kao što su I wish, if only, I would rather, it’s high time, kao i u kondicionalnim rečenicama tipa 2, da izrazi želju da je neko stanje ili zbivanje drugačije. Odnosi se na sadašnjost ili budućnost. I’d rather you did it. (Više bih volela da ti to uradiš.) If only I had enough time! (Samo da imam dovoljno vremena!) If you didn’t have to work all day, we could go shopping later. (Kad ne bi morala da radiš ceo dan, išli bismo u kupovinu kasnije.) Davno prošlo vreme konjuktiva (Past Perfect Subjunctive) upotrebljava se iza izraza kao što su I wish, if only, I would rather, it’s high time, kao i u kondicionalnim rečenicama tipa 3, da izrazi želju da je neko stanje ili zbivanje bilo drugačije. Odnosi se na prošlost. I wish I had seen her before. (Bar da sam je ranije videla.) If we had told them we were going out, they would have come along. (Da smo im rekli da izlazimo, i oni bi pošli.) Past Simple Subjunctive upotrebljava se posle imperativa glagola imagine i suppose. Imagine if he never showed up. (Zamisli da uopšte ne dođe). Suppose the train were late? (Šta ako voz kasni?) Imperativ (The Imperative Mood) Imperativom se iskazuju naredbe , zabrane i molbe. Za drugo lice jednine i množine upotrebljava se infinitivna osnova glagola: Be honest! (Budi iskren!) Have patience! (Strpi se!) Open the door! (Otvori vrata!) Pass me the bread, please. (Dodaj mi hleb, molim te.) Come in, please. (Uđi.) Odrični oblik za drugo lice gradi se pomoću glagola to do: Don’t leave me alone! Don’t talk so much! Za prvo i treće lice jednine i množine upotrebljava se glagol ‘let’ iza koga sledi objekatska zamenica i infinitiv glavnog glagola: 1. let me go 1. let us go 3. let him/her/it go 3. let them go Odrični oblici grade se kad se ispred potvrdnog oblika stavi ‘do not’: 1. do not let me go 2. don’t go 3. don’t let him go 1. don’t let us go 2. don’t go 3. don’t let them go Naređenje ili zabrana mogu se iskazati i na druge načine osim imperativa, kao što su: 1. Pomoću modalnih glagola: You have to go there at once. (Odmah morate ići tamo.) You must phone and apologize. (Moraš nazvati i izviniti se.) You mustn’t lean out of the window. (Ne smeš se naginjati kroz prozor.) 2. Pomoću ‘no’ i gerunda ili imenice: No smoking. (Zabranjeno pušenje.) No admittance. (Zabranjen ulaz.) 3. Pomoću oblika ‘ is/are + infinitiv’: He is to leave the office at once. (On mora odmah da napusti kancelariju.) You are to wait here until I come for you. (Moraš da čekaš ovde dok ne dođem po tebe.) Upotreba imperativa U određenim situacijama može se koristiti imperativ, ali te situacije su isključivo neformalne, npr. među prijateljima. Imperativ se nikako ne koristi u formalnim situacijama ili u razgovoru s nepoznatima. U engleskom čak i ljudi koji imaju pravo da naređuju često ne koriste imperativ. Umesto toga oni koriste fraze kao što su: I want/I’d like you to/You must ili polite request form. We can sometimes use the imperative form to tell someone what to do. Bring another chair. Hurry up or we'll be late. We form the negative with don't. Don't be silly. Don't make so much noise. We can use an imperative when we are with friends in an informal situation. But we do not use it to a stranger or in a more formal situation. Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to Oxford Street, please? NOT Tell-me-the way to Oxford Street-please. Would you mind sending me a copy of your catalogue? NOT Send-me-a-copy-of your-catalogue. Even people in authority often avoid using the imperative to give orders. Instead they can use I want/I'd like you to . . . , You must..., or a polite request form. Manager: I want you all to be at the meeting. Policeman: You must wait until you see the green light. Doctor: Could you lie down on the bed, please? Polite Requests Can ili could koriste se za “učtive zahteve” ili molbe, tj. kada učtivo tražimo od nekoga nešto. Can I have another fork, please? Could you open the door for me? Can everyone be quiet for a minute, please? Could je formalnije, prema tome i učtivije od can. Takođe se koriste izrazi Do you mind...? / Would you mind...? sa gerundom: Would you mind answering the phone? Do you mind opening the window? Takođe Would you like to...? Would you like to lay the table for me? We can use can or could in a request, when we ask someone to do something. Can you keep me informed'? ~ Yes, of course. Could you lend me ten pounds until tomorrow? ~ Sorry, I haven't got ten pounds. I wonder if you could explain something to me. ~ I'll try. Could is often more polite than can. In a request we can also use Do you mind ...? or Would you mind...? with an ingform. Do you mind waiting a moment? ~ No, I can wait. Would you mind sitting in the back? ~ No, not at all. We can also use Would you like to ...? Would you like to lay the table for me? ~ Yes, of course. It is always worth taking the trouble to use one of these request forms in English. We do not normally say Lay the table for me. This can sound very abrupt and impolite without a phrase like Could you . . . ? Vežbe Mr Atkins is the boss at Zedco. He tells everyone what to do. Complete his sentences. Use these words: can, could, have, like, mind, must, want, wonder, would ► Would you mind making some tea, Alan? 1 You…………………inform me of any developments. 2 Could I .................. the latest sales figures, please? 3 Would you ..................to arrange a meeting some time next week, Fiona? 4 I……………….everyone to read the report. 5 ………………..I see the file, please, Mark? 6 ………………..you mind putting this in writing? 7 I……………..if you could translate this letter, Linda. 8 ……………… you meet our customer at the airport? Read about each situation and then make a request. Use the word in brackets. ► It is cold in the restaurant. Ask the waiter to shut the window, (could) Could you shut the window, please ? 1 You are buying a coat. Ask the assistant for a receipt, (can) 2 You want to know the time. Ask someone in the street, (could) 3 You need someone to help you. Ask a friend, (can) 4 You have bought some food, but you haven't got a bag. Ask the assistant, (could) 5 You are carrying a tray. Ask someone to clear a space on the table, (mind) 6 You are on the phone. You want to speak to the manager, (could)