Transcript Assuring Quality - University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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Assuring Quality
A guide for youth
livestock producers
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Introduction to Quality Assurance
What
is Quality Assurance?
 Quality:
Are the products that come from animals:
• Safe and Healthy?
• Good Consumer Experiences?
 Assurance:
A pledge or a promise
To consumers
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Quality Assurance Promise
 “The food from our livestock will be the
highest possible quality and we will do
everything we can to make these products
safe and healthy for our consumers.”
 Regardless of how many animals you raise
or what species or breed, YOU are producing
food that will be on someone’s table!
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Food Supply Continuum
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
Producers start the
cycle by raising a safe,
healthy and quality
product

All segments are
responsible for product
safety and quality

Each segment relies on
other segments to do
their part
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HACCP and Food Safety
 Hazard
Analysis and
Critical
Control
Points
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For Youth Producers it means:
Identifying and eliminating
or changing those practices
that have the potential to
cause food safety problems
with the meat, milk or eggs
we produce for the food
supply.
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Good Production Practice (GPP)
 10 Guidelines for Producer to Assure:
Food Safety
Healthier Animals
Better Performance Efficiency
Humane Production Practices
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Introduction Segment
 Worksheet Activity 1: Creating a Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
Plan
 Worksheet Activity 2: Food Supply
Continuum Puzzle
 Worksheet Activity 3: Food Safety
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GPP 1 – Health Management Plan
“Establish a herd/flock health management plan.”
 Herd/Flock Health Management Plans include:
Working with your veterinarian
Regular animal evaluation and observation
Biosecurity
Rodent/pest control
Cleaning and disinfecting tools and facilities
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GPP 1 - Biosecurity
 Preventative Measures


Procedures to prevent animal health
concerns
Reduce Risk
Plans to reduce the spread of disease
through your herd and neighboring herds
Record Keeping
Maintain records of treatment and
movement of livestock
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 1
 Worksheet Activity 1-1: Answering
questions about establishing a herd/flock
health management plan
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GPP 2 - VCPR
“Develop a Veterinarian/Client/Patient
Relationship (VCPR).”
VCPR are Essential
Provide advise for animal health practice
and plans
Assist with animal health diagnosis
Provide assistance with prescription drugs
or over-the-counter drug
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GPP 2 - VCPR
What is needed for a VCPR?

The veterinarian must:
Have assumed the responsibility for making
medical judgments regarding the health of the
animal(s) and the need for medical treatment
Have working knowledge of the animal and/or
operation
Be readily available for follow-up and consultation,
and
The owner/caretaker of the animals agrees to follow
instructions of the veterinarian
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GPP 2 - Medications

Over The Counter (OTC) vs. Prescription
OTC - Any medication that can be purchased legally
without a veterinarian’s prescription
Prescription - Any medication requiring a
veterinarian’s authorization for purchase

Why Prescription?
Margin of Safety - Animals and People
Difficulty identifying disease being treated
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GPP 2 - Drug Use



Labeled Use - Using the medication EXACTLY as it is
specified on the label.
Legal
Off Label Use - Using medication in a manner other
than what is stated on the label “without” veterinarian
guidance.
ILLEGAL!!!!
Extra Label Use - Using medication with a
VETERINARIAN prescription in a matter other than
what’s on the label.
Legal
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GPP 2 Maximum Residue Level (MRL)
 Approved by the Food and Drug


Administration
Maximum amount of drug that may be
allowed in the animal’s tissues at harvest
that will have no risk to public health
MRL may vary for countries outside the
United States
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 2
 Worksheet Activity 2-1: Answering
questions about extra label drug use
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GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics
“Keep Antibiotics As Good As GOLD”
 Generate a plan for disease prevention
 Observe for early signs of disease
 Listen and follow veterinary advice
 Deliver the best medication, dose and
duration of treatment
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GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics
 Antibiotics are made by microorganisms
 Antibiotics are used for:
Disease treatment
Disease prevention
Improve nutritional efficiency
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GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics
Principles and Guidelines
 Take steps to decrease the need for



antibiotics
Determine the advantages and
disadvantages of using antibiotics
Always use professional veterinary input
Only use antibiotics following an appropriate
diagnosis
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GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics
Principles and Guidelines
 Limit antibiotic treatment to sick or at-risk


animals
Antibiotics that are important in treating
antibiotic resistant infections in human or
veterinary medicine should only be used in
animals after careful review and reasonable
justification
Proper handling, storage and disposal of
medicated feed is important
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 3
 Worksheet Activity 3-1: Answering questions about
responsible use of antibiotics
 There is a UNL Department of Veterinary &
Biomedical Sciences video titled, Responsible Use
of Anitibotics in Animals
 There are two factsheets titled,
• Guidelines for Responsible Antibiotic Use
• Think About How You Use Antibiotics
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GPP 4 – Animal Identification
“Identify and track an animal’s performance
and treatments”
Animal Identification
Premise Identification
National Animal Identification System (NAIS)
Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)
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GPP 4 - Animal Identification


Permanent Identification
Hot or Freeze Branding (Cattle)
Tattoo (Cattle, Rabbits, Goats, Sheep)
Ear Notching (Swine, Cattle)
Temporary Identification
Paint Marker
Ear Tags (Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Goats)
Brisket Tags (Cattle)
Leg Bands (Poultry, Dairy Cattle)
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GPP 4 - Animal Identification
 Identification of treated animals
It is important to be able to identify an
animal after you have treated it for keeping
records and recognizing the animal again.
You should write down the animal’s
identification number.
You may choose to use different forms of
identification of medicated animals.
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GPP 4 - Premise Identification
 Voluntary (Required by Some Processing
Facilities)
 Online Registration Form
www.animalid.us
 Information Required
Operation/Producer Name
Address
Contact Information
Legal Description of Premise
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 No Fees
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GPP 4 - Flock Identification
 Mandatory
 Used to reduce the risk of disease
Such as Scrapies
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GPP 4 - NAIS
National Animal ID System (NAIS)



Standardize animal identification programs and
practices to all livestock species and poultry
NAIS Components
Animal Identification
Premise Identification
Animal Tracking
Long Term Goal
Be capable of “identifying all livestock and premises
that have had direct contact with a disease of concern
within 48 hours after discovery”
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GPP 4 - COOL
Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)
 Implementation 2008-09
 Consumer Driven to ensure product safety
 Animal Origin and Traceability
Birth to Consumers Purchase
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Packer Comments on Food
Safety
Video Clip from Meat Processors on the need
for Quality Assurance and Identification
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 4
 Worksheet Activity 4-1: Identification-Swine
Focus
 Worksheet Activity 4-2: Identification – NonSwine Focus
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GPP 5 – Medication & Treatment
“Maintain Medication and Treatment Records”

Treatment records should include
1. Date treated
2. Animal Identification
3. Product Used
4. Dosage or Amount Used
5. Route of Administration
6. Who Administered the Medication
7. Withdrawal Time and Date
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Treatment Record Example
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GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time
 Withdrawal time is the amount of time
needed for a drug to be broken down
by the animal’s body, so there will be
no chance of drug residue in the tissue.
 Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)
Discussed in GPP 2
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GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time

Calculating withdrawal time (Label indicates 7 days)
Date and time of last injection: January 1 at 8:00 AM
Withdrawal time is: January 8 at 8:00 AM
• Jan 2 at 8 AM = 1 day
• Jan 3 at 8 AM = 2 days
• Jan 4 at 8 AM = 3 days
• Jan 5 at 8 AM = 4 days
• Jan 6 at 8 AM = 5 days
• Jan 7 at 8 AM = 6 days
• Jan 8 at 8 AM = 7 days
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 5
 Worksheet Activity 5-1: Residues (chocolate
milk activity)
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GPP 6 – Medication & Drug Labels
“Understanding Medication and Drug Labels”
“Take Time to Read the Label”
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GPP 6 - Medication Labels
Treatment Indications
Product Name
Active Ingr.
Dosage
Labeled Species
Cautions & Withdrawal Time
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GPP 6 – Accountability of Drugs
 Drug inventory records keep track of how

much medication is “in stock” (available)
Drug usage records keep track of how much
medication was “used”
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 6
 Worksheet Activity 6-1: Reading labels
• Label 1 for younger youth
• Label 2 for older youth
 Worksheet Activity 6-2: Reading a swine
feed tag
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GPP 7 – Administering Medication
“Using Proper Techniques with Medication
Administration”
Understand and Use:
Proper Administration Procedures
Proper Equipment
Proper Administration Locations
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GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs
 Subcutaneous Injections (SubQ)


Under the Skin/Hide
Intramuscular Injections (IM)
Injection into Muscle Tissue
Intravenous Injections (IV)
Injection into Vein
Performed by Veterinarian
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GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs
 Intranasal (IN)
Sprayed into Nasal Cavity
 Topical
Pour-on, Dips, Sprays, Powders
 Oral Medication
Though food, water or drench
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GPP 7 - Injection Equipment
Equipment guidelines:
 Use sterile needles
 Use clean syringes
 NEVER use a bent or broken needle
 Clean reusable syringes properly
 Dispose of used needles in Sharps Container
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GPP 7- Administration Locations
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GPP 7- Administration Locations
 Beef and Dairy Cattle should not be given
more than 10 cc per injection site
 Sheep, goats and swine should not be given
more than 5 cc per injection site
 Small animal range from 2 to 3 cc per
injection site
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 7
 Worksheet Activity 7-1: Giving injections
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GPP 8 – Feed Mixing
“Follow appropriate feed mixing and diet
developing procedures”
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GPP 8- Feed Mixing
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)






Keep buildings and grounds neat and clean
Maintain and clean equipment
Organize feed workspace and storage
Develop guideline to assure quality feeds
Read and understand all medicated feed labels
Extra-Label Use of feed medication is ILLEGAL
Maintain good feed records and inventories
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 8
 Worksheet Activity 8-1: Feed mixing
 Worksheet Activity 8-2: Feed mixing
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GPP 9 – Caretaker Training
“Train all animal caretakers on all Good
Production Practices”
Training all caretakers in our operation or
family is important to insure the best care is
given for the well-being of all
livestock/animals.
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GPP 9 - Caretaker Checklist




Contact Information
How to contact owner
How to contact veterinarian
Animal Information
Species and number of animals
Location of animals
Feeding/Watering Instructions
Feed storage area
Feed and water amounts
Observation and general health care
Medication if necessary
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 9
 Worksheet Activity 9-1: Preventing problems
with the care of animals
 Worksheet Activity 9-2: Humane and
inhumane practices
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GPP 10 – Written Documentation
What is the importance of having written
documentation of a VCPR, medication and treatment
records and caretaker training?
 Provides verification that a veterinarian has


assumed responsibility for making medical
judgments regarding health of animal.
Provides verification about the medication
and treatment administered to animals.
Provides verification that caretaker have
received adequate training.
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GPP 10 - Euthanasia
 Euthanasia is the humane death of an animal

with minimal pain or distress.
It is important to have a written action plan
when performing euthanasia.
Use of a safe method
Equipment is in proper repair and
functional
Procedure is conducted by an “adult”
Minimize pain or distress of animal
Timely (severely sick or injured animal)
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GPP 10 – Emergency Action Plan
 Quick communication is important.
 Provide a list of contacts to call:
Your name
Parent’s name
Alternate caretaker
Farm employee
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Veterinarian
Fire department
Police
Other
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GPP 10 – Emergency Detection
 If you have animals housed indoors, there

are systems available to warn you about
power failures, temperature changes,
ventilation failure or other emergencies.
Action should be taken immediately when an
emergency occurs.
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GPP 10 – Emergency Backup
 If you have your animals housed indoors
with a mechanical ventilation system, you
need a backup system to get air into the
building.
Curtain drops automatically
Backup generator
Use of another device, or system
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GPP 10 – Daily observation


Key factors:
Assess effectiveness of health program
Assess well-being of animals
Assess effectiveness of nutrition program
Assess suitability of facilities
Method of documentation of daily observation
Keep a daily log or record
Daily temperature
Amount of feed given
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GPP 10 - Ventilation




If animals are housed indoors, building factors
can affect their health and well-being.
Need proper ventilation management
Air temperature
Air quality
Need to assess animal behavior
Huddling, shivering, piling
Increased respiration rate, panting
Need to assess air quality
Gases, dust, watery eyes
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GPP 10 – Facilities Maintenance

You need to make sure the following items are
well maintained to prevent injuries and/or allow
proper growth of animals:
Penning materials
Feeders and feed delivery system
Waterers
Flooring
Alleyways
Chutes
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GPP 10 – Willful Acts of Abuse


Willful acts of abuse and neglect of animals are
unacceptable on any farm or ranch.
Willful acts of abuse and neglect that intentionally
cause pain and suffering include, but not limited
to:
Applying prods to sensitive parts of the
animal’s eyes, ears, nose or rectum
Malicious hitting or beating of an animal
Purposeful failure to provide minimal food,
water or care that results in significant harm or
death of animals
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GPP 10 – Body Condition Score
 Body condition scores are useful to:

Assess the adequacy of the nutrition
program
Help visually identify animals that may
require additional attention
Body condition scores are generally used to
assess the body condition of breedinggestating females.
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GPP 10 – Body Condition Score
The scoring system for sows uses finger or hand
pressure on the ribs, back bone, hook bones, pin
bones.
Ribs
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Fat
Hook cover
bones
Hook
bones
Back
bone
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Body Condition Scores – Sows
1
2
3
4
5
1
Condition
Detection of ribs, back bone,
“H” bones, and pin bones
1
Emaciated
Obvious
2
Thin
Easily detected with pressure
3
Ideal
Barely felt with firm pressure
4
Fat
None
5
Overly fat
None
Score
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SCORE DESCRIPTION (Beef cows)
1
Emaciated with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and ribs
project prominently.
2
Poor condition with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and
ribs prominent.
3
Thin condition with slight muscle atrophy and very little detectable fat. All
ribs visible.
4
Borderline condition. Outline of spine slightly visible. Outline of 3 to 5
ribs visible. Some fat over ribs and hips.
5
Moderate condition and good overall appearance. Outline of spine no
longer visible. Outline of 1 to 2 ribs visible. Fat over hips but still visible.
6
High moderate condition. Ribs and spine no longer visible. Pressure
applied to feel bone structure. Some fat in brisket and flanks.
7
Good, fleshy appearance. Hips slightly visible but ribs and spine not
visible. Fat in brisket and flanks with slight udder and tail head fat.
8
Fat, fleshy, and over-conditioned. Bone structure not visible. Large
patchy fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and brisket.
1
5
9
9
Extremely fat, wasty, and patchy. Mobility possibly impaired. Bone
structure not visible. Extreme fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and
Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows” by D.A. Eversole, M.F. Browne, J.B. Hall, and R.E. Dietz (Publication 400-795; 2000)
brisket.
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Body Condition Scores – Dairy Cows
1
Deep cavity around tail
head. Bones of pelvis
and short ribs sharp
and easily felt. No fatty
tissue in pelvic or loin
area. Deep depression
in loin.
2
Shallow cavity around
tail head with some
fatty tissue lining it and
covering the pins.
Pelvis easily felt. Ends
of short ribs feel
rounded and upper
surfaces can be felt
with slight pressure.
Depression visible in
loin area.
3
No cavity around tail
head and fatty tissue
easily felt over whole
area. Pelvis can be felt
with slight pressure.
Thick layer of tissue
covering top of short
ribs which can still be
felt with pressure.
Slight depression in
loin area.
4
Folds of fatty tissue are
seen around tail head
with patches of fat
covering pin bones.
Pelvis can be felt with
firm pressure. Short
ribs can no longer be
felt. No depression in
loin area.
5
Tail head is buried in
thick layer of fatty
tissue. Pelvic bones
cannot be felt even with
firm pressure. Short
ribs covered with thick
layer of fatty tissue.
Taken from “Elanco Body Condition Scoring” by Elanco Animal Health (Copyright 1994)
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Body Condition Scores – Sheep/Goats
Spine prominent and smooth
Spine prominent and sharp
Muscles medium depth
Thin fat cover
No fat cover
Fingers
easily pass
under
Transverse
process smooth
and rounded
Fingers
need hard
pressure to
find ends
Fingers go
under with
pressure
Condition 2 - Thin
Condition 3 - Average
Spine not detectable; fat dimple over spine
Spine detected only as a line
Fat cover thick
Muscles full
Moderate fat
cover
Transverse
process
rounded
Transverse
process sharp
Condition 1 - Emaciated
Spine rounded and smooth
Muscles full
Fat cover
very thick
Muscles very full
Transverse
process
cannot be
felt
Condition 4 - Fat
Transverse
process not
detectable
Condition 5 - Obese
Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring of Sheep” by J.M. Thompson and H. Meyer (Oregon State University)
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GPP 10 – Animal Care
“Maintain proper daily care for the animal’s
best well-being”
Proper Facilities
Daily Care
Proper Handling
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GPP 10 -Facilities
 Proper Size
 Proper Protection
 Feeding Facilities
 Watering Equipment
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GPP 10 -Daily Care
 Observe Animals
 Proper Feeding
 Proper Water Supply
 Maintain/Clean Facilities
Daily Care is important at home but is also top
priority when at progress shows and fairs.
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GPP 10 -Handling Livestock
Flight Zone
(Comfort Zone)
Understanding
Animals’:
Flight Zone
Comfort Zone
Blind Spot
Range of Vision
Point of Balance
Movement
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Activities, Videos or Discussion
 Good Production Practice No. 10
 Worksheet Activity 10-1: Watering animals
 Worksheet Activity 10-2: Space
requirements for housing and feeding
animals
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Summary of Assuring Quality
 Promise to always strive to produce the



highest quality product you can
Develop a strong VCPR
Follow the Good Production Practices
Remember YOU are important to the future of
the livestock industry
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Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture
and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–
Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United
States Department of Agriculture.
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational
programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of
the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United
States Department of Agriculture.
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