Early Man

The Dawn of Man and the rise of Civilization!

Australopithecus “

Southern Ape” The first true Hominids (humans) Inhabited the earth about 3 million years ago!

Could sometimes walk upright Had nimble hands and lived in Africa

Lucy

Lucy is the world famous remains of an almost intact three million year old Australopithecus She was discovered by archaeologist Donald Johanson on November 24, 1974 near the location of Hadar, Ethiopa This was one of the greatest archaeological discoveries of all time Lucy was 20 years old when she died, 4 feet tall and weighed approximately 50 pounds

Lucy

Hadar, Ethiopia Donald Johanson 1974 Dr. Donald Johanson works at the Hadar fossil site in Ethiopia, 1992. Lucy Dig Site - Hadar, Ethiopia

Homo Habilis

“Handy Man” Inhabited the earth between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago.

First stone tool-makers First true humans Lived in Africa Were taller – stronger – and had a larger brain than Australopithecus

Homo Erectus

“Upright Man” Homo Erectus inhabited the earth between 1.5 million and 300,000 years ago!

Homo Erectus

“Upright Man” Stood and walked completely upright!

Could make and control fire!

Journeyed and populated the earth about 1 million years ago!

Traveled out of Africa over rivers and seas during ice age Improved tool-making First good hunters (big game) Skulls sloped more forward (humanlike)

Homo Sapiens

“Wise Man” Inhabited the earth between 300,000 and 10,000 years ago Made stone-tipped spears – bone needles and bone fish hooks Sewed clothes from animal skins and made warm boots Skulls grew more forward and less sloped – creating more brain capacity Modern-like appearance

Neandertal

Populated the earth about 300,000 years ago Large strong brutish hominids Great hunters Made and controlled fire Buried their dead – spiritual As advanced as hominid cousins –> Homo Sapiens Mysteriously disappeared around 30,000 years ago

Homo Sapiens Sapiens “

Wise Wise Man” There are two stages of Homo Sapiens Sapiens: Cro-Magnon Moderns

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnon man inhabited the earth from approximately 40,000 BC to around 10,000 BC Created cave art Ate a balanced diet of meat – grain – vegetables Lived in caves – semi nomadic

Moderns

Moderns are the current form of hominids populating the earth Moderns appear approximately 10, 000 years ago Moderns begin farming, construct huts and hearths for fire They create oil lamps – jewelry – sweet and salt their foods About 10, 000 years ago the last ice age ends – moderns populate the world

Visual Hominid Stage Chart

Copy Down Chart For notes!

Hominid Evolutionary Chart Time Period Hominids (Humans) Traits Copy Down Chart For Notes!

3 Million – 2 Million BC Australopithecus Lived in Africa – first human-like ancestors. Australopithecus could sometimes “Southern Ape” stand up and had nimble hands. “Lucy” – was a 3 million year old Australopithecus – she was 4 feet tall and weighed 50 pounds.

2 Million – 1.5 Million BC Homo Habilis First Stone tool-makers (handyman) - First true humans – Also lived in Africa “ Handy Man” Taller, stronger and had a larger brain capacity than Australopithecus 1.5 Million – 300, 000 BC Homo Erectus Stood & walked completely upright – Could make and control fire - Traveled “Upright Man” out of Africa – over rivers and seas -during ice age. Populated the earth around one million years ago. Improved tool-making – first good hunters.

Skulls sloped forward – more human-like appearance.

300, 000 – 10,000 BC Homo Sapiens Made stone-tipped spears – made bone needles and bone fish hooks. They “Wise Man” sewed clothes from animal skins and made warm boots. Skulls grew even more forward and less sloped …more brain capacity -- jaws began to recede – creating a more modern–like appearance. 300, 000 – 30,000 BC Neandertals Large strong brutish hominids – Great hunters – Made and controlled fire.

( Also Neanderthals ) Buried their dead – spiritual. They were as advanced as their hominid cousins Homo Sapiens. Mysteriously disappeared 30,000 years ago!

30, 000 – 10, 000 BC Homo Sapiens Sapiens Cro Magnon era lasts until about 10, 000 BC – Then gives way to Moderns.

“Wise Wise Man” Creation of cave art – Beginning of farming – Construct huts for homes and hearths ( fireplace ) for heat – Create oil lamps – Jewelry – Sweeten and Cro Magnon salt their food. Last Ice Age ends!

Moderns

Evolution

The process by which something develops gradually over time into a different form!

Becoming Human Documentary

Charles Darwin

British scientist 1809 -1882 Wrote famous work: “Origin of the Species” Promoted the theory of Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural selection is the means by which beneficial characteristics in a living organism tend to be preserved while unfavorable characteristics tend to be lost.

This can best be summed up as:

“Survival of the Fittest!”

Hominids The family of Mankind

Fossils The remains of something that was once alive!

Artifacts The remains of things that were made!

Paleolithic

Another name for “Old Stone Age” (the time before farming)

Neolithic

Another name for

“New Stone Age”

( the time of farming and settled homes)

Historical Terms of Date

BCE

BC /AD

What does the term BC stand for ?

This is the time period before Christ was born!

What does the term AD stand for ?

Anno Domino ___________________ Anno Domini means: “Year of the Lord” This is the time period from the birth of Christ onwards!

BCE - CE

BCE = “Before Common Era” CE = “Common Era” BCE = BC CE = AD The terms BCE and CE use the exact same defining guidelines to date time as the terms BC and AD. However they are terms that are deemed non religious!

Circa

The term Circa (abbreviated ca.) means that you do not know the exact date!

Circa indicates an approximate time.

Example: King Hammurabi was born ca. 1792 BC.

Millennium – Century - Decade Millennium

:

A time period of one thousand years!

Century:

A time period of one hundred years!

Decade:

A time period of ten years!

Notes:

Evolution: The process by which something develops gradually over time into a different form!

Charles Darwin: British scientist 1809 -1882 - Wrote famous work: “Origin of the Species” Promoted the theory of Natural Selection.

Natural Selection: the means by which beneficial characteristics in a living organism tend to be preserved while unfavorable characteristics tend to be lost. - can be best summed up as “Survival of the Fittest” Hominids: The family of mankind and his or her relatives.

Fossils: The remains of something that was once alive.

Artifacts: The remains of things that were once made.

Paleolithic: Another name for the “Old Stone age” (the time before farming) Neolithic: Another name for the “New Stone Age” (the time after farming) BC: Before Christ -- The time period before the birth of Christ AD: Anno Domini (Year of the Lord) -- The time period after the birth of Christ

Notes:

BCE: Before Common Era -- The same time period as BC CE: Common Era -- The same time period as AD Circa: An approximate time period – not an exact date Millennium: A time period of one thousand years Century: A time period of 100 years Decade: A time period of ten years

History

Recorded Events

!

History is the time when writing begins!

Prehistory

Prehistory: The time before writing!

Archaeologist

A scientist who examines fossils and artifacts to learn about the past!

Nomads

People without settled homes --- Wanderers!

Oral Tradition

Stories passed down by word of mouth.

Fertile Rich soil that is good for farming.

Domesticate

To Tame Animals!

Raise and use animals for: Food - Drink - Clothes

Old Stone Age

“Paleolithic” 1. Hunters & Gatherers 2. Nomads 3. No Social Order

New Stone Age

“Neolithic” Farming -- Settled Homes Social Order – Domestication of Animals

East Africa

East Africa is where the earliest human ancestors lived!

Notes:

History: History is the time when writing begins Prehistory: The time before writing Archaeologist: Scientists that study artifacts and fossils to learn about the past Oral Tradition: Stories that are passed down by word of mouth Nomads: Wanderers – People without settled homes Fertile: Rich soil – Good for farming Domesticate: To tame animals -- utilize for food, drink, work and clothes Old Stone Age: Hunters & Gatherers -- Nomads – No Social Order New Stone Age: Farming – Settled Homes – Social Order – Domestication of Animals East Africa: Where the earliest humans lived

The Journey to Civilization

Irrigation To supply land with water!

Irrigation

The Invention of Irrigation: Early farming communities needed to find a way to bring water to their crops. And the invention of irrigation systems, reservoirs of water connected to farm lands via canals & channels enabled early farmers to divert water from its source for their farming purposes. With these irrigation systems, the farmers could make land lying far from a natural water source fertile. Irrigation and drainage systems also permitted early farmers to control annual flood water to their advantage, thus contributing to a more stable and secure way of life.

Surplus

More than is needed! (Food)

Artisan

A Skilled Worker!

Population Growth

With the advanced methods of farming -- population increased dramatically!

In 8000 BC world population = 10,000,000 In 5000 BC world population = 66,000,000

Social class Social Class groups people by their wealth, power, education and position!

Throughout history the upper classes in a society have land and wealth and power!

Social Class

Social Class

The Middle Class / Working Class are the people who work for a living and provide a comfortable life for themselves and their families!

Social Class

The Lower classes are the people without wealth, education, or influence!

Rivers

Early communities and the first societies began near rivers! . . . Why?

Cities

The first cities provided people with homes, public buildings, religious temples, markets, artisans, trade, money, writing, law, and government!

A true society of many people living together.

Farming to Civilization!

Farming Domestication Irrigation Surplus Population Growth Artisans Trade Social Class Writing Law/Government Cities Civilization

Copper The Stone Age ends and the Metal Age begins around 6600 BC with the creation of copper tools!

Bronze

3000 BC - The metal Bronze (copper & tin) is created - Much stronger and longer lasting than copper -

Wheel

Ca. 3500 BC

The Wheel and Axle are created!

Notes

Irrigation : To supply land with water for crops.

Surplus : More than is needed (food).

Artisan : A specially skilled craftsman or worker.

Population Growth : The vast increase in population due to farming developments: 8000 BC - 10,000,000 people 5000 BC – 66,000,000 people Social Class : Grouping people by wealth and power.

Civilization : A society of people living together with cities, trade, law, writing, and government.

Copper : First metal used by man – developed ca. 6600 BC Bronze : Second metal – stronger than copper ( mix of tin & copper) - developed ca. 3000 BC Wheel : The wheel and axle revolutionized the work force, travel, communication, war, and trade.