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How and where to do science: personal reflection Yudi Pawitan Karolinska Institutet Presentation at PPI Göteborg 26 Nov 2011 How did I get here? • SMA Regina Pacis: 1975-77 • BSc: IPB, Dept Statistika 1978-1982 • MSc-PhD:Univ California 1983-1987 – Time series analysis • Assistant Prof: Univ Washington 1987-1991 – Clinical trials, radiology (PET) • Lecturer: National Univ Ireland 1991-2001 – Teaching, radiology (PET) • Prof: Karolinska Institutet 2001-present – Statistical genetics, mol-biology (cancer) How did I get here? • Wish to be an academic/scientist • Luck – low univ fee in early 1980s – Available work as TA/RA – Scholarship (UC) • Are these replicable factors? – Personal and system aspects Where to do science? • • • • Globalized world E.g. manufacturing can be anywhere Worldwide collab is common Can we do science anywhere? Contributing factors • Cultural: – Democratic, egalitarian, open – Feudalistic, hierarchical – Tradition in reseach and higher education • Structural, functional – Organizational, national agencies – Defined roles: Researcher, lecturer, administrator • Infrastructural – Universities, Labs, IT • Legal – IP protection • Financial – government – Private foundations, industry, venture capital Measures of scientific production • • • • Scientific papers International recognition, university ranking Patent applications Industrial/manufacturing production World ranking of universities • Several versions. Not easy, controversial – Times Higher Education Supplement – Shanghai Jiaotong University – Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT) • HEEACT uses only research output: – Research productivity (weighed 20%) – Research impact (weighed 30%) – Research excellence (weighed 50%) • From India: – Indian Institute of Science (Rank 64 Asia-Pacific, 395 World) – Tata Inst Fundamental Research (71, 439) • None from Indonesia Innovations • • • • Correlated with but not determined by science Engineering, industry, manufacturing base Measure? Number of patent applications Number of patent applications 2008 2008 Data. Wikipedia and http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/ What determines rates of innovation? Japan USA China SouthKorea 5e+04 1e+05 Germany UK Russia France 2e+04 Switzerland Netherlands Italy Canada Sweden 1e+04 Total Pat Applics 2e+05 5e+05 HDI-2010 vs Total Patent Applications 2008 Australia Finland Israel Denmark Austria Belgium 0.70 0.75 0.80 HDI2010 0.85 0.90 4000 HDI-2010 vs Patent Applications/M Japan 2000 Finland Sweden Germany Netherlands Denmark USA Israel 1000 Num Pat Applics/M 3000 SouthKorea Switzerland Austria France UK Belgium Canada Australia Italy Russia China 0.70 0.75 0.80 HDI2010 0.85 0.90 5e+05 2010 RD Budget vs Total Patent applications Japan 2e+05 USA China SouthKorea 1e+05 5e+04 France UK Russia 2e+04 Switzerland Netherlands ItalyCanada Sweden 1e+04 Total Pat Applics Germany Finland Israel Australia Austria Belgium Denmark 5 10 20 50 US$B 100 200 Conclusions? • Cultural: – Democratic, egalitarian, open – Feudalistic, hierarchical – Tradition in reseach and higher education • Structural, functional – Organizational, national agencies – Defined roles: Researcher, lecturer, administrator • Infrastructural – Universities, Labs, IT • Legal – IP protection • Financial – government – Private foundations, industry, venture capital