Transcript The Development Gap - Geography

The Development Gap
Measures of Development
GNI Gross National Income
measures the amount of money a
country earns and it shows how rich
a country is. GNI per head (capita)
measures the average amount of
money each person earns before
tax. GNI per capita in USA is
$44,710 and in Bangladesh is $480.
HDI Human Development Index is
an index based on 3 variables: life
expectancy at birth; level of
education, including both literacy
rate and years spent in school;
income adjusted for purchasing
power. Japan (a rich country) had a
HDI of 0.949. Ivory Coast ( a poor
country) has an HDI of 0.421.
GNP Gross National Product
– it shows how wealthy (rich) a
country is. It dos not take
account of some taxes. GNP
per head (capita) of USA is
$43,743 and Bangladesh is
$467.
BR Birth rates – the more developed a
country, the lower the birth rate. CBR –
Crude Birth Rate – number of babies
born per 1000 people per year. Japan
has a BR of 8.3. Ivory Coast has a BR of
35.3.
DR Death rates – the more developed a
country, the lower the death rate. CDR
Crude Death Rate – number of deaths
per year per 1000 people. Japan has a
DR of 9.0. Ivory Coast has a DR of
15.4.
Measures of Development
Infant mortality – the
number of babies (12
months) dying per 1000
live births. Japan has an
infant mortality of 3 and
Ivory Coast has 118.
Access to safe water % the % of people with
access to clean water. In
UK there is 100% access
but in Bangladesh it is
74%.
People per doctor –
the number of doctors
per 1,000 people. USA
has 2.6 per 1000 and
Ivory Coast has 0.1 per
1000.
Literacy Rate %:
the % of people
who can read and
write. USA has a
literacy rate of
100% and
Bangladesh has a
rate of 47.5%.
Life expectancy; the
number of years a person
can expect to live, usually
taken from birth. Japan has
a life expectancy of 82.6
and Swaziland of 39.6.
You have to understand choropleth maps which
have different colours to show different
categories.
Correlation between the different
measures
As a country
Negative
correlation between
birth rate and GNI.
As the birth rate
increases the poorer
the country becomes.
Development means
improving the economy
(more jobs), improving living
conditions (social factors)
and improving the
environment (cleaner air,
water and land)
Positive correlation
between birth rates
and infant mortality.
As birth rates
increase so does the
infant mortality rate.
becomes more
developed the
standard of living
as measured by
the whole range
of indicators
rises. So
countries should
aim to develop in
order to lift their
people out of
poverty.
Other positive correlations:
GNP + GNI; GNP + HDI; GNP +
number of doctors; GNP +
literacy rate; GNP + access to
clean water
Limitations/ways of using a single
development measure
Birth rates are an
excellent measure of
development – they
show that living
standards have risen
for women in
particular.
GNP and GNI are a
confusing way of
showing how developed
a country is because
they do not tell us how
happy or satisfied
people are.
Death rates are a poor
indicator of development
as death rates can be low
because of a youthful
population structure not
high living standards.
Using only one indicator is
not enough as it doesn’t tell
us what is going on in a
country and it can mask
huge differences between
the rich and poor because it
is an average figure.
Different ways of classifying the
world
North/South
First, second, third
and fourth worlds.
1st – Europe
2nd - North America &
Australia
– Poor countries e.g.
India
3rd
4th – Very poor countries
e.g. Somalia
North – wealthy
and industrialised
countries.
South – poorer,
less mature and
more agricultural
MEDC – More
Economically
Developed country
LEDC – Less
Economically
Developed Country
NICs – Newly
Industrialised Country
Wealth – five fold division
1 – rich industrialised countries
2. oil-exporting countries
3. Newly industrialising countries
4. Former communist countries
5. Heavily indebted poorer countries
Relationship between quality of life
and the standard of living
Different perceptions on what
makes an acceptable quality
of life varies around the
world. In some countries
people are happy with fewer
consume durables and
believe that family and friend
are more important than
possessions.
In hot countries, people can
live outdoors and so require
less from their housing and
fewer clothes.
In poorer countries people are
trying to improve their own quality
of life through education and
better health care.
What is
better?
Global inequalities – factors
affecting
Human Factors
Physical factors
Rich countries tend to have
•Coastlines so trade is easy
•Temperate climates
•Fewer climatic hazards e.g. hurricanes
•Fewer climate related diseases e.g.
malaria
Poor countries tend to be
•Land locked so trade is difficult
•Tropical climates and diseases
•Many climatic hazards e.g. drought
Economic factors –
Environmental
global imbalance of trade
factors: the impact
between different parts of
of natural hazards.
the world.
Political influences – the impact of unstable
governments e.g. war, unrest, strife.
Rich countries tend to have
•
Well educated people
•
Good health systems
•
Welfare systems & benefits
•
Better economies so more jobs
and opportunities
•
Lower population growth
Poorer countries tend to have
•
Higher population growth
•
More unstable governments
Social factors – differences
in the quantity and quality of
water
Case Study of a natural hazard
Hurricane Ivan – Grenada 2004
Very powerful hurricane hit
the Caribbean island of
Grenada in September
2004. Huge damage. 90%
of homes destroyed. Long
term damage to the
development of the island
occurred. Tourism, the
major industry was severely
affected.
World Trade
The rich countries
protect their own
industries by imposing
tariffs and quotas.
Tariffs are government
taxes on imported or
exported goods.
Poor countries find it
hard to compete in the
world market.
Ways of reducing
imbalances in world trade:
•Fair Trade
•Trading Groups
•Debt abolition
•Conservation swaps
•Aid
•Sustainable development
Fair Trade
It is an organisation that sets standards for
trade with LEDC’s. It guarantees a fair price for
the farmer. This pays for the product and
investment in local community development
projects. In return the farmer must farm in an
environmentally friendly way and treat their
workers fairly too.
Trading Groups
•The European Union
• Mercosur South
America
• NAFTA: The North
American Free Trade
Association
Debt and Aid
The reduction in debt repayments
through debt abolition and
conservation swaps.
Debt abolition is when a rich
country wipes out the money
that the poor country owes it.
Type of aid
A conservation swap is an
agreement between a rich
country and a poor country.
The poor country agrees not
to clear its tropical rainforest
in return for its debts to be
written off.
Donor Countries
Recipient Countries
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-term aid
Feels good to give money after a
disaster
None
Helps to save lives
Right help not given
Long-term aid
People from MEDC can volunteer
and help in projects. Long
term trade.
None
New jobs; new crops; new schools
and hospitals.
Trade.
Local people need new skills.
Tractors but no petrol →
not sustainable. Schools
but not enough money to
pay teachers.
Top-down aid
Donor in control.
Money may be wasted on large
scale projects.
Large expensive projects e.g. dams.
Ordinary people not effected.
Bottom-up aid
Feel good factor.
Action Aid.
None
Less corruption. Sustainable
technology.
Less charity money in a recession.
Sustainable Development
The role of
international aid
donors in
encouraging
sustainable
development.
UK Aid - We help the world's poorest people to
lift themselves out of poverty.
We help ‘fragile states’ e.g. Sudan, Ethiopia,
Afghanistan, Bangladesh and the Democratic
Republic of Congo, where citizens often cannot
rely on services such as water, education and
justice.
We support governments committed to tackling
poverty, upholding human rights, managing
public money wisely, tackling corruption and be
open and honest in how they govern.
Case Study of a development
project
Cahora Bassa dam, Mozambique
The Cassa Borara dam was begun by the Portuguese government of
Mozambique in the 1960s and it was finished in 1997. It is a huge HEP
schemes with 3 major dams along the River Zambezi. The
Cassa Bassa dam is the most important and the lake behind it is huge.
Most often power is sold to South Africa and does not benefit the local
people. It could provide electricity for the whole of Mozambique. It has
caused huge environmental damage. The shrimp industry has been
destroyed. It could be successful.
An example of a
development
large scale
bilateral aid
project (aid given
by one country to
another).
The EU has big disparities in
development
Some EU regions are poor e.g.
Southern Italy
Some EU regions are rich e.g. Southeast England
Some EU countries are poor e.g.
Romania
Some EU countries are rich e.g.
Germany
Even in rich countries some parts are
poor
The most prosperous regions in terms
of GDP per capita (the standard
measure of wellbeing) are all urban –
London, Brussels and Hamburg.
The wealthiest country, Luxembourg,
is more than seven times richer than
Romania and Bulgaria, the poorest and
newest EU members.
Why are there these differences?
geographic remoteness
recent social and economic
change
a combination of both.
The impact of these disadvantages is
frequently evident in social
deprivation, poor quality schools,
higher joblessness and inadequate
infrastructures.
In the case of some EU states, part of
the handicap is a legacy of their
former centrally-planned economic
systems
How is the EU reducing the gap?
Regional development policy: the EU transfers
resources from affluent to poorer areas. The aim is to
modernise backward regions so that they can catch up
with the rest of the Union
The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- general infrastructure, innovation, and investments.
The European Social Fund (ESF) - vocational
training projects and job-creation programmes.
The Cohesion Fund - environmental and transport
infrastructure projects and renewable energy.
CAP – Common Agricultural Policy:
Farmers get subsidies for food production
Quotas are set for key products e.g. milk,
beef
Farmers paid to keep land in good condition
and look after animals properly
Food prices are now high in EU
Farmers paid to ‘set aside’ land
Urban II Fund The economic
and social regeneration of cities
and neighbourhoods in crisis in
order to promote sustainable
urban development.
Improving 70 cities in the EU –
buildings, transport,
environment, communities.
Urban regeneration e.g. Belfast.