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Seminar On4G
LANGUAGE
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Programming Language
• A programming language is a machine-readable artificial
language designed to express computations that can be
performed by a machine, particularly a computer.
• Programming languages can be used to create programs that
specify the behavior of a machine,to express algorithms.
• Many programming languages have their syntax and
semantics.
Generations of Programming
• 1 Generation: (1950-60) machine language.
Language
st
•2
nd
Generation: (1961-75) assembly language.
•3
Generation: (1976-92) high-level programming languages,
such as C, C++, and Java.
rd
•4
Generation: (1993-2005) typical high-level programming
languages closer to human languages.
th
•5
Generation: (2005-..) used for artificial intelligence and
neural networks.
th
First-generation programming
language
• A first-generation programming language is a machine-level
programming language.
• No translator was used to compile or assemble the firstgeneration language.
• The main benefit of first-generation programming language is
that the code a user writes can run very fast and efficiently.
• It is a lot more difficult to learn than higher generational
programming languages, and it is far more difficult to edit if
errors occur.
• Machine language is an example of 1
st
G Language.
• Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code.
• It is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads
and interprets.
Second-generation programming
language
• Second-generation programming language is a generational
way to categorize assembly languages.
• Second-generation programming languages have the
following properties:
• The code can be read and written by a programmer. To run on
a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form, a
process called assembly.
• The language is specific to a particular processor family and
environment.
Assembly language
• It is an example of 2nd G Language.
• Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages
for programming computers.
• It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric
machine codes.
• Other constants needed to program a particular CPU
architecture.
Assembly language
Assembler
• Assembler creates object code by translating assembly
instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving
symbolic names for memory locations and other entities.
• Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers
for high-level languages.
Third-generation programming
• The introduction of the compiler in 1952 spurred the
language
development of third-generation computer languages.
• These languages enable a programmer to create
program files using commands that are similar to
spoken English.
• Third-level computer languages have become the
major means of communication between the digital
computer and its user.
• Such as BASIC, C, FORTAN and Pascal.
Third-generation programming
High-level language
language
• 3rd G Languages are High-level Languages.
• After a program is written in one of the high-level
languages, it must be either compiled or interpreted.
Third-generation programming
language
• A Compiler program rewrites the program into machine
language that the CPU can understand. This is done all
at once and the program is saved in this new form.
• A compiled program is generally considerably larger than
the original.
• An Interpreter program translates the program
statements into machine language one line at a time as
the program is running.
• An interpreted program will be smaller than a compiled
one but will take longer to execute.
Fourth-generation programming
language
• A fourth-generation programming language (1970s1990) (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language or
programming environment designed with a specific
purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial
business software.
• In the evolution of computing, the 4GL followed the 3GL
in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and
statement power.
• The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL.
Fourth-generation programming
language
• 3GL development methods can be slow and error-prone.
• Some applications could be developed more rapidly by
adding a higher-level programming language and
methodology which would generate the equivalent of very
complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors.
• All 4GLs are designed to reduce :
 programming effort,
 the time it takes to develop software and
 the cost of software development.
Fourth-generation programming
language
• Fourth-generation languages have often been compared
to domain-specific programming languages (DSLs).
• For example, a typical 4GL command is
FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH"
Types of 4 GL :• Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running
with runtime framework and libraries. Instead of using code.
• Report generators take a description of the data format
and the report to generate and from that they either
generate the required report directly or they generate a
program to generate the report.
• Data management 4GLs such as SAS, SPSS and Stata
provide sophisticated coding commands for data
manipulation, file reshaping, case selection and data
documentation in the preparation of data for statistical
analysis and reporting.
Some fourth-generation
languages
•
• FoxPro
• PowerBuilder
• SQL
• Report Builder
• Oracle Reports
• Graph Talk
• MATLAB
• CSS
Examples of 4G Languages
FoxPro
FoxPro has two meanings:
• Visual FoxPro - an object-oriented programming
language and RDBMS, published by Microsoft, for
Microsoft Windows.
• FoxPro 2 - a text-based procedural programming
language and RDBMS, originally published by Fox
Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Microsoft
Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX
Examples of 4G Languages
Database query languages
• Query languages are computer languages used to
make queries into databases and information
systems.
• Query languages can be classified according to
whether they are database query languages or
information retrieval query languages.
• SQL is a well known query language for relational
databases.
• XQuery is a query language for XML data sources.
Fifth-generation programming
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
language
intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
Fifth-generation programming
Examples :
language
Artificial intelligence :
• The branch of computer science concerned with making
computers behave like humans.
• There are several programming languages that are
known as AI languages because they are used almost
exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are
LISP and Prolog.
Fifth-generation programming
Examples :
language
Neural network
• A type of artificial intelligence that attempts to imitate the
way a human brain works.
• A neural network works by creating connections between
processing elements, the computer equivalent of
neurons.
• Neural networks are currently used prominently in voice
recognition systems, image recognition systems,
industrial robotics, medical imaging, data mining and
aerospace applications.