Transcript Document

Chapter 1 – The World before the Opening of
the Atlantic
Section Notes
The Earliest Americans
Native American Cultures
Trading Kingdoms of West Africa
Europe before Transatlantic
Travel
Quick Facts
Democracy and Republic
Chapter 1 Visual Summary
Video
The Global Economy
Maps
Land Migrations of Early
Peoples
Aztec and Inca Civilizations
Native American Culture Areas
Empires of West Africa,
800-1500
Images
Palenque
Iroquois Longhouse
Trading Centers
The Earliest Americans
The Big Idea
Native American societies developed across
Mesoamerica and North America.
Main Ideas
• Climate changes allowed Paleo-Indians to begin the first
migration to the Americas.
• Early societies existed in Mesoamerica and South America.
Main Idea 1:
Climate changes allowed people to
migrate to the Americas.
• Paleo-Indians crossed the Bering Land Bridge from
Asia to present-day Alaska during the last ice age between
38,000 and 10,000 BC.
• This movement of peoples from one region to another is
called migration.
• Paleo-Indians and their descendants moved into presentday Canada, the United States, Mexico, and South
America.
Climate Affects Early Peoples
• Early peoples in the Americas were hunter-gatherers,
who hunted animals and gathered wild plants.
• The warming climate created new environments:
climates and landscapes that surround living things.
• Different environments influenced the development of
Native American societies: groups that share a common
culture.
• Culture is a group’s common values and traditions.
Main Idea 2:
Early societies existed in Mesoamerica
and South America.
• Developed around 1200 BC in Mesoamerica
Olmec
• Known for use of stone in architecture and built
the first pyramids in the Americas
• Civilization ended around 400 BC
• Developed after the Olmec
Maya
• By AD 200, were building large cities
• Created great pyramids, temples, palaces, and
bridges
• Civilization ended around AD 900
Aztec and Inca
• Conquered central Mexico
Aztec
• Founded capital city, Tenochtitlán in AD 1325. It
became the greatest city in the Americas and
one of the world’s largest cities
• By the early 1500s, they ruled the most powerful
state in Mesoamerica
• Began as a small tribe in the Andes Mountains in
South America
Inca
• Capital city was Cuzco
• By the 1500s, the empire stretched along much
of the western South American coast
• Known for a strong central government, their
architecture, and their art
Native American Cultures
The Big Idea
Many diverse Native American cultures developed
across the different geographic regions of North America.
Main Ideas
• Several early societies developed in North American long
before Europeans explored the continent.
• Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures.
• Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and
land ownership.
Main Idea 1:
Several early societies developed in North
American long before Europeans
explored the continent.
• Earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers.
• Learned to farm around 5,000 BC.
• The Anasazi was an early farm culture in Southwest
(Four Corners region).
– Grew maize, beans, and squash
– Developed irrigation methods – increased food production
– Skilled basket makers and later potters
– Lived in pueblos, aboveground houses made of heavy clay called
adobe (some had several rooms & could house 1,000 people) Often
built their homes in canyon walls and used ladders for access
– Built kivas, underground ceremonial chambers, for religious
ceremonies – focus was on live-giving forces of rain & maize
– After thriving for hundreds of years, they began to abandon villages
around AD 1300 (Drought, Disease or Raids)
Mound Building Cultures
• Lived in Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri
river valleys
• Supported population with agriculture and
Hopewell
trade
• Built large burial mounds to honor the dead
• Developed later in same area as the Hopewell
• Cahokia had more than 100 temples
Mississippian
• Built hundreds of mounds topped with temples
for religious ceremonies
• Developed throughout eastern North America
more than 10,000 mounds have been found in
Others
the Ohio River Valley alone
• Cultures declined and by the 1700s, no longer
existed
Main Idea 2:
Geographic areas influenced Native
American cultures.
• Researchers use culture areas to help describe ancient
Native American peoples.
• Culture areas are geographic locations that influence
society.
• North America is divided into several culture areas,
including the Far North, Pacific Coast, California, West,
Southwest, Great Plains, and East.
North and Northwest Culture Areas
Arctic
Subarctic
• Long, cold
winters and
short summers
• Long, cold
winters and
short summers
• Inuit peoples in
present-day
Alaska and
Canada
• Dorgrib and
Montagnais
peoples
• Aleut peoples in
Alaska
• Homes were
igloos, hide
tents & huts –
Inuits. Aleut
lived in
multifamily
houses partially
underground
• Fished and
hunted large
mammals
• Hunters followed
migrating deer
• People lived in
temporary
shelters made of
animal skins.
• Villages made
up of log cabin
• Further South
Chinook thrived
on rich supply of
game animals,
fish, wild plants
Pacific
Northwest
• Carved images
of totems,
ancestor or
animal spirits,
on tall, wooden
poles
• Held feasts
called potlatches
– the wealthy
host gave away
most of what
they owned
which increased
their social
importance
• Thrived on
abundant game
animals, fish,
and wild plants
West and Southwest Culture Areas
California
• Many food sources, such
as acorns ( ground to
make four), fish, and
deer
• People lived in isolated
family groups of 50 to
300.
• More than 100 different
languages were spoken.
• Climate dry – gathered
seeds, dug roots
trapped animals
• Groups included the
Hupa, Miwok and
Yukots.
Southwest
• Dry climate
• Groups included the
Apache, Navajo, and
Pueblo.
• The Pueblo irrigated land
to grow crops (grew
squash, maize & beans).
• Religion focused on rain
& maize. Built houses
out of adobe bricks &
made fine pottery.
• The Apache and Navajo
hunted game and raided
the villages of other
groups.
Main Idea 3:
Native American cultures shared beliefs
about religion and land ownership.
• Shared religious beliefs
– Religion linked to nature
– Spiritual forces were everywhere– even plants and animals
– Native Americans tried to honor the spirits in their daily lives
– Honored Earth & Sky – the sustainer of life. Help from spirit
protector
• Shared beliefs about property
– Individual ownership applied only to the crops one grew
– Land was for the use of everyone in the village – the right to
use it was very temporary
– Believed they should preserve the land for future generations
• Despite shared beliefs, Native Americans on the North
American continent were independent culture groups and
did not form large empires.
Great Plains and Eastern Culture Areas
Great Plains
• Stretched from Canada to
Texas and from the Mississippi
Valley to the Rocky Mountains
• Mainly grasslands, with game
such as buffalo
• Most people were nomadic
hunting with bows & spears
• Used buffalo skins for shields,
clothing and coverings for
teepees, cone-shaped shelters
• Other Plains were farmers
(corn beans & rice)
• Matrilineal societies that
traced ancestry through their
mothers, not their fathers
• Groups included the Mandan,
Pawnee, Arapaho, Blackfoot,
and Comanche.
Northeast and Southeast
Region rich in sources of food and
shelter
• Southeastern groups, such as the
Cherokee and Creek, lived in
farming villages.
• The Algonquian (hunting &
gathering plants) and Iroquois
were the main groups in the
Northeast.
• In the South, groups farmed,
hunted, gathered plants & fished
• Many tribes used strings of beads
known as wampum for money
• Iroquois were farmers hunters &
traders. They lived in longhouses
• The Iroquois formed the Iroquois
League, a confederation that
waged war & made peace against
non-Iroquois peoples. The League
became one of most powerful
people
Trading Kingdoms of West Africa
The Big Idea
Using trade to gain wealth, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were
West Africa’s most powerful kingdoms.
Main Ideas
• West Africa developed three great kingdoms that grew
wealthy through their control of trade.
• Slaves became a valuable trade item in West Africa.
Main Idea 1:
West Africa developed three great
kingdoms that grew wealthy through their
control of trade.
• For hundreds of years, trade routes run by Berbers, a
northern African group, crisscrossed West Africa.
• Eventually though, trade routes were taken over by a
succession of West African kingdoms:
– Ghana
– Mali
– Songhai
Kingdom of Ghana
• Began in the fourth century AD as farmers banded together for
protection
• Developed into a trading center
– Salt from the Sahara in the north (need to survive, preserve food, &
made food tasty). Salt was valuable & was used for money.
– Gold mined from Ghana itself
• As trade increased, so did Ghana’s power. By 800, it controlled all
of West Africa’s trade routes. One way they made money was to
charge traders to pay taxes when entered with good then again
when left with goods.
• Used wealth to build an army and an empire. Made weapons out of
iron
• In the 1060s, Muslim groups attacked Ghana in an effort to force
its leaders to convert to Islam. This cut off many trade routes and
lead to the decline of the Ghana empire.
• Islam eventually became the most practiced religion in the region.
Kingdoms of Mail and Songhai
Mali
• Developed along the fertile
banks of the upper Niger River
• Controlled trade along the river
which caused it to grow rich
and powerful
• King Mansa Musa led the
kingdom to the height of its
wealth, power, and fame by
building important trade cities
like Timbuktu, Djenne & Gao.
Salt, gold, shells & metals were
traded
• Mansa Musa also encouraged
the spread of Islam in West
Africa by building mosques
(artists & architects were
brought to Mali) , buildings
for Muslim prayer, and by
making a hajj, or pilgrimage to
Mecca. He wanted all to read
the Qur’an so he stressed
learning to read & write Arabic.
• Declined after the death of
Mansa Musa
Songhai
• Lived along the Niger River
• Came to power as the Mali empire
weakened (eventually conquered
Mali)
• Greatest ruler was Askia the
Great (Muhammad Ture). He
was a devout Muslim, supported
education and learning (people
cam e from all over to study
math, science, medicine grammar
& law), and worked to develop a
strong government. He divided
the empire into 5 provinces &
appointed governors loyal to him.
The cities of Gao & Timbuktu
flourished. He created a
professional army.
• After Askia’s death, the kingdom
declined and was invaded by
Moroccans from the north (who
wanted to control the salt mines).
Main Idea 2:
Slaves became a valuable trade item
in West Africa.
• Slavery existed in Africa for centuries and involved black
Africans, who were both slaveholders and slaves.
• People who were captured by warring groups, criminals, and
even relatives of people who owed money, were sold into
slavery.
• Beginning in the 600s, Arab Muslims and Europeans became
interested in the slave trade.
• Slave market increased as Muslim traders bought or seized black
Africans to sell in North Africa.
• Slave trade became important part of West African economy
(traded for horses, textiles & weapons).
• West Africa was home of many enslaved Africans brought to the
Americas.
Europe before Transatlantic Travel
The Big Idea
New ways of thinking and growth in trade changed the way
people lived in Europe.
Main Ideas
• The Greeks and Romans established new forms of
government.
• During the Middle Ages, society eventually changed from a
feudal system to the development of a middle class of
artisans and merchants.
• The Renaissance created a rebirth of arts and learning.
Main Idea 1:
The Greeks and Romans established new
forms of government.
Greek Government
• Philosophers such as Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle worked to
teach people to think and
question their beliefs and to live
lives based on reason, clear
and ordered thinking. Socrates,
a great teacher wanted people
to think & question their own
beliefs. Plato, wrote The Republic,
described a society based on fairness for
everyone. Aristotle taught that people should
live lives based on reason.
• Greeks had many contributions –
geometry, accurately calculate size Earth,
studies human body, water screw, &
political system. Classical period
• Greeks established the first
democracy, a form of
government in which people
rule themselves.
– Every (male) citizen votes on
every issue.
– Ideas are debated at an
assembly of all citizens.
Roman Government
• Established a republic
– Citizens elect representatives to
vote on issues. Representatives
only stayed in power 1 year.
– Ideas are debated at an
assembly of representatives.
• Laws were written and kept on
public display and worked to
protect citizens’ rights.
• Concept of innocent until proven
guilty was a right protected by
Roman citizens’ rights.
The Middle Ages
• After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe began to divide into
many smaller kingdoms. Known as the Middle Ages, lasted for
about 1,000 years.
• Because empires were not easily defended, territories were ruled
as independent territories.
• Feudalism developed, a system of agreements between lords, and
vassals, including knights. The lord promised to give lands to his
knights in exchange for military service. The knight promised to
support the lord in battle.
• Knights allowed peasants to farm on their land on their large
estates, called manors. In return, the peasants had to give the
knights food or goods as payment. Feudalism promoted the
separation of territories.
• The Catholic Church served as a strong unifying force between
kingdoms. During the Middle Ages nearly everyone in Europe
professed to be a Christian so life revolved around the CHURCH.
• The Crusades, a long series of wars beginning in the 1000s
between European Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia,
helped create trade links between Europe and Asia. Introducing
new products, food, and ideas.
Main Idea 2:
During the Middle Ages, society eventually
changed from a feudal system to the
development of a middle class of
artisans and merchants.
• New technology helped farmers produce more food which in
turned caused population to grow.
• As travel became safer, more trade routes opened and spread all
across Europe. Nation states, with central governments provided
more protection.
• Silk Road which began in China and ended at the Mediterranean
Sea were made safe. Marco Polo, journeyed from Europe to
China, brought back stories of spices, coal, & paper money.
• Trade brought not only goods, but also diseases like the Black
Death that spread across Europe, killing nearly 25 million people.
• Worker shortages meant that peasants and serfs could demand
payment. They moved to cities for work, and the cities grew.
• The growth of trade and cities led to the decline of feudalism.
• A new middle class of artisans and merchants developed.
• Trade cities became commercial centers. Guilds became an
influential part of European life.
Main Idea 3:
The Renaissance created a
rebirth of arts and learning.
• The Renaissance period brought new ways of thinking to
Europe.
• Began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe
• European rulers began to increase their power over the
nobles in their countries.
• Fewer invasions from the outside helped bring a period of
peace and stability.
• Renaissance means “rebirth.”
Growth of Knowledge and Learning
Ancient Texts
Humanism
Art and
Literature
Science and
Invention
Classical writings were found in monasteries & scholars
rediscovered the glories of ancient Greece & Rome.
Focus shifted from religion to the importance of people
and human value as the search for knowledge spread
to all fields (art, literature, science, & political thought).
Great artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
reflected the ideals of the Renaissance (value of human
beings) in their sculptures and paintings. Writers also
penned great works of literature during this time. Da
Vinci was also an inventor, engineer, & mapmaker. Dante
Alighieri chose to write in Italian – the common
language of people, rather than Latin, so common
people could read his work.
Advances were made in mathematics and astronomy
(square root symbol, positive & negative numbers, Earth
moved around the Sun) by studying the ancient text and
building on their knowledge . German-born Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press that used
movable type which allowed thousands to read the same
books and share ideas about them.
Renaissance Economy
• Growth of trade and services sparked a commercial
revolution.
• Mercantilism, an economic system that unifies and
increases the power and wealth of a nation, developed.
• Italy developed powerful trading cities that served as
ports and manufacturing centers (Florence, Genoa, Milan
& Venice). Some families became very wealthy.
• Banks (especially in Florence) emerged that kept money
for merchants from all over Europe. Banking increased
Italy’s wealth.
• Merchants began to create joint-stock companies or
businesses in which a group of people invest together in
order to reduce individual risk.
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