Transcript North Africa and Southwest Asia

North Africa and Southwest
Asia
WGEOG92Y
The Middle East: Essential Questions
1. LOCATION:
How has location
affected the peoples of the Middle
East?
2. PLACE: How has the environment
shaped the people of the Middle
East?
3. What religious ideas began and
are associated with the region?
4. How
did
Imperialism
and
Nationalism affect the region?
Section 2
North Africa
• The Nile River valley and ancient
Egypt, one of the world’s great
civilizations, formed a cultural hearth.
• North Africa shares the Arabic
language and the Islamic religion and
culture with Southwest Asia.
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North Africa
Roots of Civilization in North Africa
North African Countries
• Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia
Egypt Blossoms Along the Nile
• Nile’s flooding provides water, rich soil, to help civilization
grow
• Nile villages united into first Egyptian dynasty around 3100
B.C.
- Pharaohs rule Egypt for 2,600 years
• Egyptian geometry and medicine are spread by trade
Carthage
• Legend says great ancient city of Carthage was founded in
814 B.C.
- location on Gulf of Tunis peninsula make it a
Continued . . .
trade center
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continued
Roots of Civilization in North Africa
Islam in North Africa
• Over time, invaded by Greeks, Romans,
Phoenicians, Ottoman Turks
• Islam is main cultural, religious influence
- monotheistic religion based on Muhammad’s
teachings
• Southwest Asian Muslims invade North Africa
in A.D. 632
- take Egypt in 634; control whole region by
750
• Muslims bind territory with sea-linked trade
zones
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Economics of Oil
Black Gold
• Oil has replaced cash crops, mining as
economic base
- transformed economies of Algeria, Libya,
Tunisia
• Oil also causes problems
- Libya’s workforce lacks training, education
to work in oil industry
- high-paying oil jobs go to foreign workers
- despite oil, unemployment remains high
- Libyan workers migrate to Europe for jobs
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A Culture of Markets and Music
North African Souks
• Souks (marketplaces) are located in the medina (old
section of town)
- best are in Marrakesh, Morocco
- high-pressure sales and fierce bargaining over
clothes, spices, food
Protest Music
• Rai—fast-paced Algerian music is developed in 1920s by
urban youth
- before independence in 1962, rai expresses anger at
French colonizers
- today, rai is criticized by Islamic fundamentalists for
Western style
- rai now a form of rebellion against Islamic fundamentalists
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Changing Roles of Women
Women and the Family
• Homes are centered around males, few women
work after marriage
• Women’s roles are changing, especially in Tunisia
- multiple wives are prohibited; both spouses can
seek divorces
- high spouse-abuse penalties; no more arranged
marriages for young girls
• More women have professional jobs, with equal
pay for equal jobs
- hold 7% of Tunisian parliamentary seats
- manage 9% of businesses in Tunis, Tunisia’s
capital
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Physical Geography of Southwest Asia:
Harsh and Arid Lands
Southwest Asia’s
land is mostly
arid or desert.
The region is
defined by the
resource it
Sandstone near Wadi Madakhil, Saudi Arabia.
lacks—water,
and the one it
has in
abundance—oil.
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The Middle East
• Also known as Southwest Asia.
– “Crossroads of the World”
– Consists of Southwest Asia, Southeast
Europe and Northern Africa.
• River Valley’s
– Nile
– Tigris-Euphrates
• Mesopotamia
The Middle East
• Deserts:
– Sahara
– Arabian
• Rub’ al Khali or “Empty Quarter”
• Mountains:
– Atlas (Morocco)
– Pontic and Taurus (Turkey)
– Elburz and Zagros (Iran)
The Middle East
• Northern Tier:
– Plateau of Iran
– Plateau of Anatolia
• Arabian Peninsula
• Fertile Crescent?
– “Fertile Fish-hook”
– “Breadbasket in the Desert”
Section 1
Landforms and
Resources
• The Southwest Asian landforms have had a
major impact on movement in the region.
• The most valuable resources in Southwest
Asia are oil and water.
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Landforms and Resources
Landforms Divide the Region
Shifting Plates
• Southwest Asia forms a land bridge
between Asia, Africa, Europe
• Region is at edge of a huge tectonic plate
- parts of Arabian Peninsula are pulling
away from Africa
- parts of Anatolian Peninsula are sliding
past parts of Asia
- other plates are pushing up mountains in
other parts of Asia
Continued . . .
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continued Landforms
Divide the Region
Peninsulas and Waterways
• Arabian Peninsula lies between Red Sea and
Persian Gulf
• Red Sea covers a rift valley created by Arabian
plate movement
• Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at north side
cut off part of region
• Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey) is between Black
and Mediterranean seas
• Strategic waterways include Suez Canal from
Red Sea to Mediterranean
- Bosporus and Dardenelles straits connect to
Russia, Asia
Continued . . .
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continued Landforms
Divide the Region
Plains and Highlands
• Arabian Peninsula is covered by dry, sandy, windy
plains
- wadis—riverbeds that are dry except in rainy
season
• Iran has stony, salty, sandy desert plateau
surrounded by mountains
• Anatolian Peninsula is plateau with some
agriculture, grazing
• Afghanistan’s Northern Plain is farming area
surrounded by mountains
• Golan Heights (Al Jawlan)—plateau near Jordan
River, Sea of Galilee
- site of conflict due to strategic location Continued . . .
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continued Landforms
Divide the Region
Mountains
• Afghanistan’s Hindu Kush Mountains help frame
southern Asia
- country is isolated by its landlocked, mountainous
terrain
• Iran’s Zagros Mountains isolate it from rest of
Southwest Asia
- Elburz Mountains cut Iran off from the Caspian
Sea
• Taurus Mountains separate Turkey from rest of
Southwest Asia
• Goods, people, ideas move through region in spite
of mountains
Continued . . .
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continued Landforms
Divide the Region
Water Bodies
• Region is surrounded by bodies of water; few
rivers flow all year
• The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers flow through
Turkey, Syria, Iraq
- Fertile Crescent supported several ancient
civilizations
- parallel rivers meet at Shatt al Arab, empty into
Persian Gulf
• Jordan River flows from Lebanon’s Mt. Hermon
between Israel, Jordan
• Empties into Dead Sea—landlocked salt lake that
only bacteria live in
- lowest place on earth’s exposed crust: 1,349
feet below sea level
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Resources for a Modern World
An Oil-Rich Region
• Oil is region’s most abundant resource
- oil fields located in Arabian Peninsula, Iran,
Iraq
- provide major part of those nations’ income
• Half of the world’s oil reserves are in
Southwest Asia
- found along Persian Gulf coast or at
offshore sites
• U.S. and many other countries depend on
oil reserves
Continued . . .
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continued Resources
for a Modern World
Other Resources
• In some parts of region, the most valuable
resource is water
• Water is relatively plentiful in Turkey, Iran,
Lebanon, Afghanistan
- harnessed for hydroelectric power
• In other regions, water is scarce; must be guarded,
conserved
• Coal, copper, potash, phosphate deposits mostly
small, scattered
- Iran, Turkey have large coal deposits
- salts like calcium chloride around Dead Sea have
not been developed
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Section 2
Climate and Vegetation
• Most of Southwest Asia has
a very arid climate.
Irrigation is critical to growing
crops in this very dry region.
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The Middle East
• Climate:
– One of the driest area in the world.
– Close proximity to Equator.
• Warm winters
• Very HOT summers
• Less than 10 inches of precipitation
annually
• Prone to flash floods.
Climate and Vegetation
Variety in Arid Lands
Mostly Dry and Desert, but Some Green
• Most areas get less than 18 inches of
precipitation a year
• Rough, dry terrain includes sand dunes, salt flats
• Rivers don’t flow all year; plants, animals live on
little water
- in many areas irrigation turns desert into
farmland
• Other areas have Mediterranean climate; green,
lush part of each year
• Mountain ranges and plateaus have highland
climates
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Deserts Limit Movement
Sandy Deserts
• Rub al-Khali—Arabian Peninsula desert, known
as the Empty Quarter
- 250,000 square miles, with dunes as high as
800 feet
- 10 years can pass without rain
• Nearby An-Nafud Desert contains the occasional
oasis
- desert area where underground spring water
supports vegetation
• Syrian Desert is between Lebanon, Israel, Syria,
and Fertile Crescent
• Israel’s Negev Desert produces crops through
Continued . . .
irrigation
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continued Deserts
Limit Movement
Salt Deserts
• In Iran, high mountains block rain; dry winds
increase evaporation
- loss of moisture in soil leaves chemical salts,
creates salt flat
• Iran’s salt flat deserts:
- Dasht-e Kavir in central Iran
- Dasht-e Lut in eastern Iran
• Land is salt-crusted, surrounded by salt marshes,
very hot
- almost uninhabited, it’s a barrier to easy travel
across Iran
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Semi-Arid Lands
The Edge of the Desert
• Fringes of deserts have semiarid climate
• Warm to hot summers; enough rainfall for
grasses, shrubs
- cotton and wheat can be grown
• Good pasture for animals
- herds of mohair goats raised in Turkey
- mohair hair and fabrics from it are among
Turkey’s exports
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Well-Watered Coast Lands
The Mediterranean Coast
• Areas along Mediterranean coast and in Turkey
have adequate rainfall
- hot summers, rainy winters promote citrus fruits,
olives, vegetables
• Mild winters and summer irrigation let farmers
grow crops all year
• Areas are heavily populated due to comfortable
climate
The Tigris and Euphrates
• River valleys the site of intensive farming for
thousands of years
- Turkey, Iraq built dams on rivers to provide
irrigation all year
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Section 3
Human-Environment
Interaction
• Water is critical to regional
physical survival and economic
development.
• Discovery of oil increased the
global economic importance of
Southwest Asia.
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Human-Environment Interaction
Providing Precious Water
Dams and Irrigation Systems
• Large farms and growing populations require
dams, irrigation
- Turkey is building dams and a man-made lake
on upper Euphrates
- controversial project will deprive downstream
countries of water
• Israel’s National Water Carrier project
- takes water from northern areas
- carries it to central, south, Negev Desert
- water flows through several countries so
project creating conflict
Continued . . .
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continued Providing
Precious Water
Modern Water Technology
• Drip irrigation—small pipes slowly drip water just
above ground
• Desalinization removes salt from ocean water at
treatment plants
- plants are expensive, cannot provide enough
water
• Wastewater can be treated and used for agriculture
• Fossil water is pumped from underground aquifers
- water has been in aquifer for long periods of time
- rainfall won’t refill aquifers; only 25–30 years of
usage remain
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Oil From the Sand
Forming Petroleum
• Oil, natural gas deposits formed millions of years
ago
- sea covered area; remains of plants, animals
mingled in sand, mud
- pressure and heat slowly transformed material
into hydrocarbons
• Oil, gas are not in underground pools, but in the
tiny pores of rocks
- nonporous rock barriers trap gas, oil below
surface
- makes oil difficult to find, remove
- wasn’t found in region until 1920–30s
Continued . . .
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continued Oil
From the Sand
Early Exploration
• Industrialization, automobiles increase need for
petroleum
• First oil discovery in region was in 1908 in Persia
(now Iran)
- more oil fields found in Arabian Peninsula,
Persian Gulf in 1938
• In 1948, al-Ghawar field discovered at eastern
edge of Rub al-Khali
- became one of world’s largest oil fields
- contains one-quarter of Saudi Arabia’s oil
reserves
Continued . . .
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continued Oil
From the Sand
Transporting Oil
• Crude oil is petroleum that has not been
processed
- refinery converts crude oil into useful
products
• Pipelines move crude oil to refineries, ports
- ports on Persian Gulf, Red Sea,
Mediterranean Sea
- tankers carry petroleum to world markets
• In some places refineries process crude oil
near ports
Continued . . .
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continued Oil
From the Sand
Risks of Transporting Oil
• Largest oil spill was in January 1991, during
Persian Gulf War
- Kuwaiti tankers, oil storage tanks were
blown up
- 240 million gallons of crude oil spilled into
water, land
• Buried pipelines reduce accidents; are
monitored for leaks
• Tankers are a high pollution risk; operate in
shallow, narrow waters
- double hulls help prevent some spills
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Human Geography of Southwest Asia:
Religion, Politics, and Oil
The rise of major
religions
thousands of
years ago and
the discovery of
oil in the past
century have
drastically
shaped life in
Southwest Asia.
An offshore oil rig in the United Arab Emirates.
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The Economics of Southwest
Asia (Middle East)
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• Geographical Issues:
–
–
–
–
–
Location
Water Issues
Economic Issues
Political Issues
Security Issues
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• The “Middle East” is the “Crossroads
of the World”.
– Confluence of:
• Social ideas
– Religion
• Political Philosophies
– Autocratic v. Plurality
• Economic systems
– Command v. Market
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• Water Issues:
– Resources:
• Fresh Water v. Salt Water
– Sustenance:
• Have’s v. Have-not’s
• “Water as a Weapon”
– Transportation:
• Trade Routes
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• Economic Issues:
– Agricultural production is limited due to
a lack of arable land.
• Growing population
• Limited Production
– Oil production is major economic
activity in SWA.
• Refining capability
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• Political Issues:
–
–
–
–
–
Effect of Imperialism
Regional Identity v. Individual Identity
“Super Power Proxies”
The Palestinians
Israel
The Economics of Southwest Asia (Middle
East)
• Security Issues:
– Historical Setting
• Imperialism
• Cold War
– Arab/Palestinian v. Israeli
– Arab Secularism v. Islamic
Fundamentalism
Middle Eastern History
• Zionism
• Palestinian Liberation Organization
(PLO)
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
• Bazaar
• Suqs
• Minarets
• Muezzin
• 9th Millennium BCE:
– Beginnings of Agriculture
– First Domestication of Animals
• Animal Husbandry
– Circa 8350 BCE: Jericho founded
• 7th Millennium BCE:
– Pottery appears
• 6th Millennium BCE:
– Irrigation begins
– Wheel and plough invented
• 5th Millennium BCE:
– Sumerian writing begins
• 4th Millennium BCE:
–
–
–
–
World’s first nation (Egypt) founded
Sahara desertification begins
Potters wheel developed
Sail developed in Egypt
• 3rd Millennium BCE:
– Pyramid building (Pyramids/Ziggurats)
– Bronze Age
• 2nd Millennium BCE:
–
–
–
–
–
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Beginning of Iron Age
Judaism begins
Cana’an dominated by Israelites
Fall of Troy
Assyrian Empire
Rise of the Hittites
• 1st Millennium BCE:
– Decline of Egypt
– Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon
• Persian Empire is born
– Hellenic Empire rises and falls
– Phoenicians spread phonetic alphabet
• 1st Millennium CE:
•
•
•
•
Beginning of Christianity and Islam
Diaspora of the Jews
Rise and Fall of Roman Empire
Islamic Conquest of Middle East and
Africa
• Algebra developed
• Balfour Declaration, 1917
• The Holocaust, 1935-1945
• British Mandate of Palestine
• 14 May 1948: Israel declares
independence
• 15 May 1948: Arab countries
declare war on Israel
• Suez War, 1956
• The Six-Day War, 1967
• Yom Kippur War, 1973
• Camp David Accords, 1978
• Lebanon Invasion, 1982
• The First Intifada, 1987
• The Oslo Accords, 1993
• Israel and Jordan sign peace treaty,
1994
• Israeli withdrawal from Gaza Strip,
2005
Section 1
The Arabian Peninsula
• The Arabian Peninsula is heavily influenced
by the religious principles of Islam.
• Oil production dominates the economy of the
region.
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The Arabian Peninsula
Islam Changes Desert Culture
Modern Nations of the Subregion
• Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia
• Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Town and Desert
• Bedouin nomads moved from oasis to oasis, built
strong family ties
- fought with other families, developed fighting
skills
• Fighting skills helped spread new monotheistic
religion of Islam
- religion based on teachings of founder, the
Prophet Muhammad
Continued city
...
- Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islam’s holiest
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continued Islam
Changes Desert Culture
Islam Brings a New Culture
• The Five Pillars are required of all Muslims; create
common culture
• Faith—all believers must testify:
- “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is
the Messenger of Allah”
• Prayer—pray facing Mecca five times a day;
mosque—place of worship
• Charity—give money to the less fortunate
• Fasting—in the holy month of Ramadan, don’t eat,
drink during day
• Pilgrimage—all Muslims should make hajj to
Mecca once in their life
Continued . . .
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continued Islam
Changes Desert Culture
The Spread of Islam
• Armies of Bedouin fighters move across
desert
- conquer desert lands, put Muslim leaders
in control
- spread Islamic teachings, Arabic language
and culture
• Muslim armies spread across Asia, Africa,
Europe
- by Middle Ages, large area of world is
Muslim controlled
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Governments Change Hands
Colonial Powers Take Control
• Muslim governments were theocratic—religious
leaders were in control
- still true in some modern nations, such as Iran
• In late 1600, Muslim nations weaken
- Britain, France control most of region after WWI,
fall of Ottomans
- colonial value: Suez Canal is vital link; oil
discovered (1932)
• Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud takes control of most of
Arabian Peninsula
- becomes Saudi Arabia in 1932
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Oil Dominates the Economy
OPEC
• Oil is principle resource of economy, makes
region globally important
- source of almost all of nations’ export money,
GNP
• In 1960, oil-producing nations form economic
group
- OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
- coordinate petroleum-selling policies, control
worldwide oil prices
- includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United
Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq
NEXT
Modern Arabic Life
The Change to Urban Life
1
• Rapid development
as technology undermines
traditional lifestyles
- trucks
replace
camels;
malls
replace
marketplaces
• Villagers, farmers, nomads move into cities
- 25% urban in 1960; 58% by 1990s; estimated
70% by 2015
- Saudi population 83% urban
• Oil jobs require skilled workers educational
systems can’t provide
- foreign workers brought in
Continued . . .
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continued Modern
Arabic Life
Religious Duties Shape Lives
• Women often cover their heads, faces with scarf,
veil
- women’s roles are slowly expanding: more are
educated, working
• Prayers performed dawn, noon, mid-afternoon,
sunset, before bed
- attend mosque services on Fridays
• Fasting in Ramadan reinforces spirituality, selfcontrol, humility
- ‘Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with gifts,
dinners, charity
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Section 2
The Eastern
Mediterranean
• The holy places of three religions are found
in this subregion.
• There is a great deal of political tension
among nations in this subregion.
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The Eastern Mediterranean
Religious Holy Places
Jewish Presence
• Jerusalem is a holy city to all three major
monotheistic religions
• Jerusalem is capital of Israel; center of modern,
ancient homeland
• Temple Mount in old city housed earliest temples
- King Solomon’s First Temple
- Second Temple built in 538 B.C
• Today Jews pray at Western Wall (Wailing Wall)
- sole remainder of Second Temple (destroyed
by Romans in A.D. 70)
Continued . . .
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continued Religious
Holy Places
Christian Heritage
• Jerusalem is sacred site of Jesus’
crucifixion
- nearby towns, villages were important in
Jesus’ life
• Christians visit Mount of Olives, Church of
Holy Sepulchre
• In Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to
regain lands from Muslims
- Muslims eventually regained control of the
area
- They
maintained
controlContinued .until
..
establishment of Israel in 1948
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continued Religious
Holy Places
Islamic Sacred Sites
• Jerusalem is third most holy Muslim city after
Mecca, Medina
• Dome of the Rock—shrine where it’s believed
Muhammad rose to heaven
- Jews believe it’s site where Abraham prepared
to sacrifice Isaac
• Dome and Al-Aqsa mosque are located on
Temple Mount by Western Wall
- close proximity of holy sites fosters JewishMuslim clashes
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A History of Unrest
The Legacy of Colonialism
• Ottoman Empire ruled region from 1520 to 1922,
but weakened
• Britain, France got lands after WWI defeat of
Ottomans, Germany
- France took Lebanon, Syria; Britain took modern
Jordan, Israel
• Both supposed to rule only until areas are ready
for independence
- France intentionally stoked religious tensions
between groups
- Lebanon became independent in 1943, Syria in
1946
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued A
History of Unrest
British Control Palestine
• Zionism—19th-century movement for a Jewish
homeland in Palestine
- Jews buy land, begin settling
• After WWI, British control area; Arabs, Jews
cooperate
- German persecution increases number of Jewish
immigrants
- Arabs begin to resist Jewish state
• Area is divided: Transjordan is ruled by Arab
government and British
- Palestine is ruled by British with Arab, Jewish
local governments
Continued . . .
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continued A
History of Unrest
Creating the State of Israel
• After WWII, many Jewish Holocaust survivors
settle in Palestine
- UN divides Palestine into two states: one Jewish,
one Arab
• Israel is created in 1948; repels invasion by Arab
states
• Palestinian Arabs flee
- Palestinian land on West Bank, Gaza Strip is
controlled by Israel
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) uses
politics, military to:
- regain land in, and return of refugees to, Israel
NEXT
Modernizing Economies
Refugees and Civil Wars
• Creation of Israel produces numerous Palestinian
refugees
- today they number 3.6 million across the region;
some in camps
- many struggle for food, shelter, jobs; lack
education
- Jordan has the largest Palestinian refugee
population
• Civil wars in Lebanon, Cyprus cause economic
problems
- Lebanon war in 1975–76 led to Israel invading
Lebanon in 1982
Continued . . .
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continued Modernizing
Economies
Modern Infrastructure
• Region’s nations have potential for development
- climate for citrus crops, sites for tourism
- location connects them to markets in Europe,
Asia, Africa
• Many nations lack infrastructure to support
growing economy
- irrigation is needed for agriculture
- communication systems, power sources
needed for industry
• Israel has built sophisticated industries, like
computer software
NEXT
Section 3
The Northeast
• The nations in this subregion are
Muslim but most are not part of the
Arab culture.
• The nations in the Northeast range
from developed to very poorly
developed.
NEXT
The Northeast
A Blend of Cultures
Nations of the Region
• Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan
Early Civilizations
• Iraq’s Fertile Crescent between Tigris, Euphrates a
cultural hearth
- early civilizations include Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria,
Chaldea
- all built empires in Mesopotamia, the “land between
the rivers”
• Hittite empire covered modern Turkey, introduced iron
weapons
• Persian empire developed in what is now Iran
- introduced innovations in governmental organization
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued A
Blend of Cultures
Ethnic and Religious Variety
• Subregion’s ethnic groups include Turks,
Kurds, Persians, Assyrians
- languages (Turkish, Farsi) are different
from Arabic
• All groups (except Assyrians) are Islamic,
but tensions exist
- after Muhammad’s death, Muslims
divided into two branches
- 83% of all Muslims are Sunni; most
Iranians are Shi’ite
NEXT
Clashes Over Land
Homelands and Refugees
• Kurds—stateless ethnic group located in Turkey,
Iraq, Iran
- promised homeland after WWI, but never got it
• Iran has world’s largest refugee population
- Iraqi Shi’ites flee persecution
- decades of war create Afghan refugees
Control of Oil Fields
• In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over Persian Gulf oil
fields
• Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990; driven out in Persian
Gulf War
NEXT
Clashes Over Leadership
Overthrow of the Taliban
• Taliban—fundamentalist Muslim political group
rules Afghanistan
- protects Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda
terrorist network
• After 9–11 attacks, U.S. attacks Afghanistan in
October 2001
- Operation Enduring Freedom targets terrorist
assets, infrastructure
- Taliban removed from power by March 2002
- Hamid Karzai heads transitional government
- Osama bin Laden and some Taliban leaders
escape
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued Clashes
Over Leadership
Overthrow of Saddam Hussein
• After Gulf War, UN orders Iraqi dictator Saddam
Hussein to disarm
- ordered to destroy chemical, biological weapons
• President George W. Bush turns focus to Iraq in
2002
- Bush believes Hussein has weapons of mass
destruction
- U.S., U.K. attack Iraq in Operation Iraqi
Freedom, March 2003
- major fighting ends in May 2003; Hussein
captured in December 2003
NEXT
Reforming Economies
Making Progress
• Turkey
is
developing
water
resources,
hydroelectric plants
- supply energy, boost cotton and other
agricultural production
- only nation in region that produces steel
- location between Europe, Asia is ideal for trade
• Changes in Iran’s government bring economic
progress
- current government supports change
- oil money funds development
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued Reforming
Economies
Progress Interrupted
• Economic sanctions on Iraq after Gulf War
limited trade
- created shortages of food, medicine
• Afghanistan is one of world’s poorest
nations
- most people farm or herd animals
- mineral resources remain undeveloped
due to civil wars, turmoil
- post-Taliban transitional government is
rebuilding
economy
NEXT
Modern and Traditional Life
Division and Struggle
• Region’s nations face internal struggles
- some seek modern lifestyle, others want to
preserve traditions
• In Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of behavior
- new government is restoring civil liberties,
improving education
• Taliban-like groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have not
gained power
- differences have led to conflicts, political
problems
NEXT
Today’s Issues:
Southwest Asia
Oil and religion
have shaped
modern
Southwest Asia,
but they’ve also
brought the
region lasting,
often devastating
conflicts and
challenges.
Kurdish refugees from Iraq travel
through Turkey.
NEXT
Section 1
Population Relocation
• Economic
growth
brings
foreign workers to the region.
• Political factors have shifted
the region’s population.
NEXT
Population Relocation
New Industry Requires More Workers
The Oil Boom Changes Economies and Lives
• Life in Southwest Asia doesn’t change much from 1100–
1900
- some people live in villages, cities; others live nomadic
lives
• Petroleum, natural gas discovered in early 20th century
- Western oil companies leased land, brought in
technology, workers
• Oil profits bring wealth to countries, urbanization begins
- road construction makes cities accessible
- thousands migrate to cities for jobs
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued New
Industry Requires More Workers
Foreign Workers
• Oil creates so many jobs that local workers can’t
fill them all
- oil companies employ “guest workers” from
South, East Asia
- mostly unskilled laborers; do jobs native peoples
find unacceptable
• In places, immigrant works outnumber native
workers
- 90% of United Arab Emirates’ workers are
immigrants
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued New
Industry Requires More Workers
Problems of Guest Workers
• Cultural differences exist between guest workers,
employers
- misunderstandings over customs can bring
severe penalties
• Often, workers live in special districts away from
Arab population
- some are abandoned or don’t get wages for
months
• Concerns over intolerance, violence toward
workers
• Some fear immigrants weaken countries’ national
identities
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Political Refugees Face Challenges
Stateless Nation
• After WWI, land intended for Kurds was kept by
Turkey, Iraq, Syria
• Kurds a stateless nation—people without land to
legally occupy
• Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria try unsuccessfully to
absorb Kurds
- Kurds resist governments’ control, are forcibly
moved
• Iraq forces Kurdish migration, uses chemical
weapons on settlements
- In 2000, 70,000 Kurds are displaced, many
forced into camps
Continued . . .
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continued Political
Refugees Face Challenges
Palestinian Refugees
• Palestinians—Arabs and descendents who lived
in Palestine—displaced
- stateless nation; living in relocation camps in
Israel, elsewhere
• When Israel is created, Palestinian Arabs are
promised a homeland
- during Israeli war of 1948, Israel occupies some
of those lands
• As many as 1 million Palestinians flee Israel,
become refugees
- 52 camps in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, West
Bank, Gaza Strip
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continued Political
Refugees Face Challenges
Palestinian Refugees
• West Bank—strip of land on west side of Jordan
River
- originally controlled by Jordan, but lost to Israel
in 1967
• Gaza Strip—along Mediterranean Sea northeast
of Sinai Peninsula
- occupied by Israel in 1967
• Refugees unable to return to Israeli areas they
claim
- 8.2 million worldwide by 2005
• Their demand to return to Palestine is at heart of
many regional conflicts
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Section 2
Oil Wealth Fuels Change
• Oil wealth brings political and
economic changes to the region.
• To achieve a diversified economy,
countries need to improve
infrastructure and resource use.
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Oil Wealth Fuels Change
Meeting the Global Demand
The Pros and Cons of “Black Gold”
• Oil (“black gold”) fuels world industries,
transportation, economies
- strategic commodity—important resource
nations will fight over
• Region has 64% of world’s oil deposits, 34% of
natural gas reserves
- by 2020 will provide 50% of world demand
• Oil prices rise, fall unpredictably; revenue not
assured
- makes steady economic growth difficult; nations
need to diversify
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Using Oil Wealth to Diversify
Modernizing the Infrastructure
• Saudi Arabia builds roads, irrigation
networks, agricultural storage
- also, desalinization plants to remove salt
from seawater
• Other nations build airports, malls, ports
- efforts are not always well planned
- UAE builds four international airports that
are underused
• Nations have made an effort to build
information technology systems
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continued Using
Oil Wealth to Diversify
Developing Resources
• Nations seek to diversify, develop non-oil
resources, agriculture
- governments build dams, dig wells to tap
underground reservoirs
• Saudi Arabia uses oil profits to improve
agriculture, water supplies
- by 1985 it met its demand for dairy, meat,
poultry, eggs
- by 1992 it produced enough grain for own
needs, some export
• Oman revives copper, chromium industries,
reduces oil dependence
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continued Using
Oil Wealth to Diversify
Human Resources
• Human resources—skills and talents of a nation’s
people
- nations must invest in people, including women
- must provide education, technology training
- Kuwait has free education through university
level
- Kuwait also pays fees, expenses if students
study abroad
• Many societies have strict rules about women’s
roles
- hard to get education or jobs; shortages create
opportunities
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